Pitani ku nkhani yaikulu

Kukhuthala kwa madzimadzi ndi muyeso wake kukana kuyenda.

Ndi chinthu chamadzimadzi chomwe chimatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zofunikira kuti zisunthe. Kukwera mamasukidwe akayendedwe, m'pamenenso mphamvu zimafunika kusuntha madzimadzi.

Kukhuthala kwa madzimadzi kumakhudzidwa ndi kutentha kwake. Kutentha kwamadzimadzi kumachepetsa kukhuthala kwake. Kuzizira kwamadzimadzi kumapangitsanso kukhuthala kwake.
Kukhuthala kwa madzimadzi kumakhudzidwanso ndi kuthamanga kwake. Kuthamanga kwapamwamba, kumapangitsanso kukhuthala kwamadzimadzi.

Kukhuthala kwamadzimadzi kumatha kuyeza ndi viscometer. Viscometer ndi chipangizo chomwe chimayesa kukana kwamadzimadzi kuti ayende. Kukhuthala kwamadzimadzi ndi chinthu chofunikira pamagwiritsidwe ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, viscosity yamadzimadzi imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito dziwani kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimafunikira kuti zisunthike kudzera mu chitoliro.

Viscosity mu physics ndi imodzi mwazinthu za zinthu zomwe kusuntha kwa mamolekyu molingana ndi mamolekyu ozungulira amakumana, chifukwa cha mphamvu za intermolecular, mphamvu yosamva: mu zolimba ndizokwera kwambiri, koma zotsika kwambiri muzamadzimadzi ndi mpweya. Ngati timiza thupi lachilendo mumadzimadzi omwe tikuganiziridwa, lidzakumana ndi kukana komwe mphamvu zake zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mamasukidwe amadzimadzi.
Mwachitsanzo, molasses ili ndi kukhuthala kwakukulu kuposa madzi chifukwa imalimbana ndi kuyenda.
Pali njira zambiri zomwe munthu angagwiritse ntchito kuyeza kukhuthala kwa madzimadzi, chophweka komanso chowongoka kwambiri ndikugwetsa gawo la m'mimba mwake mumtsuko wowonekera womwe uli ndi madzimadzi omwe kukhuthala kwake kumayesa kudziwa.

CHENJEZO: kubwereza kwa mamasukidwe akayendedwe amatchedwa fluidity, muyeso wosalala.

Viscosity ndi chinthu chofunikira pozindikira mphamvu zomwe ziyenera kugonjetsera zakumwa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popaka mafuta ndikunyamulidwa mu mipope. Choncho zidzakhala zofunika kwa ife pansistand ndi mtundu wanji wa madzimadzi Besa® valavu idzagwira ntchito, monga kukangana pakati pa makoma a chitoliro ndi madzi omwe akuyenda momwemo kumakhudza kutulutsa kwa valve.

Imawongolera kutuluka kwamadzi processzinthu monga kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, jekeseni akamaumba ndi pamwamba ❖ kuyanika.

Viscosities

Kukhuthala kwamphamvu

Tiyeni tikambirane ndege ziwiri, zolekanitsidwa ndi madzi (kutentha koyendetsedwa) ndi kufanana each ina, yoyima ndipo inayo imakankhidwa ndi mphamvu yomwe imakankhira / kuikoka mofanana ndi ndege ina.
Malingana ndi madzi omwe timagwiritsa ntchito polekanitsa ndege ziwirizi, ndipo nthawi zonse timagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yomweyo kuti tisunthire imodzi mwa ndege ziwirizi, tidzapeza kuti kuthamanga kwa ndege kumasiyana malinga ndi madzi omwe tasankha.

Generalising tili ndi:

A (m^2)= dera la ndege zofananira
y (m)= mtunda pakati pa ndege ziwirizi
F (N)= mphamvu yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa ndege yoyenda
u (m/s^2)= liwiro la ndege yoyenda
τ = mphamvu yamphamvu

Mphamvu ya tangential idzakhala yosiyana kwambiri ndi mtunda wapakati pa ndege ziwirizo komanso molingana ndi liwiro.
Kutchula liwu la liwiro kumapangitsa kuti zinthu zikhale zovuta, chifukwa mwachidziwitso kokha ndiko kusintha kwa liwiro la mzere.

Mayunitsi a muyeso

Mu International system viscosity imayesedwa mu pascals (Pa s) yomwe ili yofanana ndi poiseuille (PI), nthawi zina pamafuta opaka mafuta a CGS amagwiritsidwanso ntchito, mwachitsanzo centipoise (cP)

1 Pa = 1 PI
1 cP = 1 mPI

Kinematic Viscosity: 1 cSt (centiStokes) = 10-6 m2/s

ZamadziKutentha (ºF)Kutentha (ºC)Kinematic Viscosity
CentiStokes (cSt)
Kinematic Viscosity
Seconds Saybolt Universal (SSU)
Acetaldehyde CH3CHO 6116.10.30536
Acetaldehyde CH3CHO 68200.295
Acetic acid - viniga - 10% CH3COOH 59151.3531.7
Acetic acid - 50% 59152.2733
Acetic acid - 80% 59152.8535
Acetic acid - glacial yokhazikika 59151.3431.7
Acetic acid anhydride (CH3COO)2O 59150.88
Acetone CH3COCH3 68200.41
Mowa - allyl 68201.6031.8
Mowa - allyl 104400.90 cp pa
Mowa - butyl-n 68203.6438
Mowa - ethyl (tirigu) C2H5OH 68201.5231.7
Mowa - ethyl (tirigu) C2H5OH 10037.81.231.5
Mowa - methyl (nkhuni) CH3OH 59150.74
Mowa - methyl (nkhuni) CH3OH 3201.04
Mowa - propyl 68202.835
Mowa - propyl 122501.431.7
Aluminiyamu sulphate - 36% yankho 68201.4131.7
Amoniya 0-17.80.30
alinine 68204.3740
alinine 50106.446.4
Phula RC-0, MC-0, SC-0 7725159-324737-1.5M
Phula RC-0, MC-0, SC-0 10037.860-108280-500
Makina opangira mafuta a crankcase0-17.81295-Max6M-max
Mtengo wa SAE10W
Makina opangira mafuta a crankcase0-17.81295-25906M-12M
Mtengo wa SAE10W
Makina opangira mafuta a crankcase0-17.82590-1035012M-48M
Mtengo wa SAE20W
Makina opangira mafuta a crankcase21098.95.7-9.645-58
SAFA 20
Makina opangira mafuta a crankcase21098.99.6-12.958-70
SAFA 30
Makina opangira mafuta a crankcase21098.912.9-16.870-85
SAFA 40
Makina opangira mafuta a crankcase21098.916.8-22.785-110
SAFA 50
Mafuta a galimoto21098.94.2 Mph40 Mph
Mtengo wa SAE75W
Mafuta a galimoto21098.97.0 Mph49 Mph
Mtengo wa SAE80W
Mafuta a galimoto21098.911.0 Mph63 Mph
Mtengo wa SAE85W
Mafuta a galimoto21098.914-2574-120
Mtengo wa SAE90W
Mafuta a galimoto21098.925-43120-200
SAFA 140
Mafuta a galimoto21098.943 min200 Mph
Mtengo wa SAE150
Mowa68201.832
Benzene (Benzol) C6H63201.031
Benzene (Benzol) C6H668200.74
Mafuta a mafupa13054.447.5220
Mafuta a mafupa21210011.665
Bromine68200.34
Butane-n-50-1.10.52
Butane-n300.35
Butyric acid n68201.6131.6
Butyric acid n3202.3 cp pa
Calcium chloride 5%6518.31156
Calcium chloride 25%6015.64.039
Carbolic acid (phenol)6518.311.8365
Carbolic acid (phenol)194901.26 cp pa
Mpweya wa tetrachloride CCl468200.612
Mpweya wa tetrachloride CCl410037.80.53
Carbon disulfide CS23200.33
Carbon disulfide CS268200.298
Mafuta a Castor10037.8259-3251200-1500
Mafuta a Castor13054.498-130450-600
Mafuta aku China6920.6308.51425
Mafuta aku China10037.8125.5580
Chloroform68200.38
Chloroform140600.35
Kokonati mafuta10037.829.8-31.6140-148
Kokonati mafuta13054.414.7-15.776-80
Mafuta a Cod (mafuta a nsomba)10037.832.1150
Mafuta a Cod (mafuta a nsomba)13054.419.495
Mafuta a chimanga13054.428.7135
Mafuta a chimanga2121008.654
Chimanga wowuma njira7021.132.1150
22 Bamu 10037.827.5130
Chimanga wowuma njira7021.1129.8600
24 Bamu 10037.895.2440
Chimanga wowuma njira7021.13031400
25 Bamu 10037.8173.2800
Mafuta a thonje10037.837.9176
Mafuta a thonje13054.420.6100
Mafuta a azitona 48º API6015.63.839
Mafuta a azitona 48º API13054.41.631.8
Mafuta a azitona 40º API6015.69.755.7
Mafuta a azitona 40º API13054.43.538
Mafuta a azitona 35.6º API6015.617.888.4
Mafuta a azitona 35.6º API13054.44.942.3
Mafuta a azitona 32.6º API6015.623.2110
Mafuta a azitona 32.6º API13054.47.146.8
Decane-n017.82.3634
Decane-n10037.8100131
Diethyl glycol7021.132149.7
Diethyl ether68200.32
Mafuta a dizilo 2010037.84471432.6-45.5
Mafuta a dizilo 2013054.41.-3.97-39
Mafuta a dizilo 3010037.86-11.7545.5-65
Mafuta a dizilo 3013054.43.97-6.7839-48
Mafuta a dizilo 4010037.829.8 max140 max
Mafuta a dizilo 4013054.413.1 max70 max
Mafuta a dizilo 601225086.6 max400 max
Mafuta a dizilo 6016071.135.2 max165 max
Ethyl acetate CH3COOC2H359150.4
Ethyl acetate CH3COOC2H368200.49
Ethyl bromide C2H5Br68200.27
Ethylene bromide68200.787
Ethylene chloride68200.668
Ethylene glycol7021.117.888.4
Formic acid 10%68201.0431
Formic acid 50%68201.231.5
Formic acid 80%68201.431.7
Formic acid wokhazikika68201.4831.7
Formic acid wokhazikika77251.57p
Freon - 117021.10.21
Freon - 127021.10.27
Freon - 217021.11.45
Fufurol68201.4531.7
Fufurol77251.49p
Mafuta amafuta 17021.12.39-4.2834-40
Mafuta amafuta 110037.8-2.6932-35
Mafuta amafuta 27021.13.0-7.436-50
Mafuta amafuta 210037.82.11-4.2833-40
Mafuta amafuta 37021.12.69-5.8435-45
Mafuta amafuta 310037.82.06-3.9732.8-39
Mafuta amafuta 5A7021.17.4-26.450-125
Mafuta amafuta 5A10037.84.91-13.742-72
Mafuta amafuta 5B7021.126.4-125-
Mafuta amafuta 5B10037.813.6-67.172-310
Mafuta amafuta 61225097.4-660450-3M
Mafuta amafuta 616071.137.5-172175-780
Mafuta a gasi7021.113.973
Mafuta a gasi10037.87.450
petulo a6015.60.88
petulo a10037.80.71
Mafuta b6015.60.64
Mafuta b10037.8
Mafuta c6015.60.46
Mafuta c10037.80.40
Glycerin 100%68.620.36482950
Glycerin 100%10037.8176813
Glycerin 50% madzi68205.2943
Glycerin 50% madzi140601.85 cp pa
Gulukosi10037.87.7M-22M35M-100M
Gulukosi15065.6880-24204M-11M
Heptanes-n0-17.80.928
Heptanes-n10037.80.511
Hexane-n0-17.80.683
Hexane-n10037.80.401
Honey10037.873.6349
Inki, osindikiza10037.8550-22002500-10M
Inki, osindikiza13054.4238-6601100-3M
Insulating mafuta7021.124.1 max115 max
Insulating mafuta10037.811.75 max65 max
palafini68202.7135
Mafuta a Jet-30.-34.47.952
Lard10037.862.1287
Lard13054.434.3160
Mafuta a azitona10037.841-47.5190-220
Mafuta a azitona13054.423.4-27.1112-128
Mafuta otsekedwa10037.830.5143
Mafuta otsekedwa13054.418.9493
Mercury7021.10.118
Mercury10037.80.11
methyl acetate68200.44
methyl acetate104400.32 cp pa
Methyl iodide68200.213
Methyl iodide104400.42 cp pa
Mafuta a Menhaden10037.829.8140
Mafuta a Menhaden13054.418.290
Mkaka68201.1331.5
Molasses A, poyamba10037.8281-50701300-23500
Molasses A, poyamba13054.4151-1760700-8160
B, kachiwiri10037.81410-13.2M6535-61180
B, kachiwiri13054.4660-3.3M3058-15294
C, chingwe chakuda10037.82630-55M12190-255M
C, chingwe chakuda13054.41320-16.5M6120-76.5M
Naphthalene176800.9
Naphthalene2121000.78 cp pa
Mafuta a Neatstool10037.849.7230
Mafuta a Neatstool13054.427.5130
Nitrobenzene68201.6731.8
Palibe-n0-17.8172832
Palibe-n10037.80.807
Octane-n0-17.8126631.7
Octane-n10037.80.645
Mafuta a azitona10037.843.2200
Mafuta a azitona13054.424.1
Mafuta a Palms10037.847.8
Mafuta a Palms13054.426.4
Mafuta a mandata10037.842200
Mafuta a mandata13054.423.4
Pentane-n017.80.508
Pentane-n8026.70.342
petrolatum13054.420.5100
petrolatum16071.11577
Mafuta a ether6015.631 (onse)1.1
Propionic acid3201.52 cp pa31.5
Propionic acid68201.13
propylene glycol7021.152241
Kuchotsa mafuta100-12020.5-25
Mafuta ophika10037.854.1250
Mafuta ophika13054.431145
Mafuta a rosin10037.8324.71500
Mafuta a rosin13054.4129.9600
Rosin (mtengo)10037.8216-11M1M-50M
Rosin (mtengo)20093.3108-4400500-20M
Mafuta a Sesame10037.839.6184
Mafuta a Sesame13054.423110
Sodium kolorayidi 5%6820109731.1
Sodium kolorayidi 25%6015.62.434
Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) 20%6518.34.039.4
Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) 30%6518.310.058.1
Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) 40%6518.3
Mafuta a soya10037.835.4165
Mafuta a soya1305.419.6496
Mafuta a umuna10037.521-23110
Mafuta a umuna13054.415.278
sulfuric acid 100%682014.5676
sulfuric acid 100%140607.2 cp pa
sulfuric acid 95%682014.575
sulfuric acid 60%68204.441
sulfuric acid 20%3M-8M
sulfuric acid 20%650-1400
Tar, uvuni wa coke7021.1600-176015M-300M
Tar, uvuni wa coke10037.8141-3082M-20M
Tar, nyumba ya gasi7021.13300-66M2500
Tar, nyumba ya gasi10037.8440-4400500
Tar, paini10037.8559200-300
Tar, paini13255.6108.255-60
Toluene68200.68185.7
Toluene140600.38 cp pa
Triethylene glycol7021.140400-440
Triethylene glycol185-205
Njoka Yamoto10037.886.5-95.21425
Njoka Yamoto13054.439.9-44.3650
Varnish, spar6820313
Varnish, spar10037.8143
Madzi, osungunuka68201003831
Madzi, atsopano6015.61.1331.5
Madzi, atsopano13054.40.55
Madzi, nyanja1.1531.5
Mafuta a whale10037.835-39.6163-184
Mafuta a whale13054.419.9-23.497-112
Xylene-o68200.93
Xylene-o104400.623 cp pa
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