Kukhuthala kwa madzimadzi ndi muyeso wake kukana kuyenda.
Ndi chinthu chamadzimadzi chomwe chimatsimikizira kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zofunikira kuti zisunthe. Kukwera mamasukidwe akayendedwe, m'pamenenso mphamvu zimafunika kusuntha madzimadzi.
Kukhuthala kwa madzimadzi kumakhudzidwa ndi kutentha kwake. Kutentha kwamadzimadzi kumachepetsa kukhuthala kwake. Kuzizira kwamadzimadzi kumapangitsanso kukhuthala kwake.
Kukhuthala kwa madzimadzi kumakhudzidwanso ndi kuthamanga kwake. Kuthamanga kwapamwamba, kumapangitsanso kukhuthala kwamadzimadzi.
Kukhuthala kwamadzimadzi kumatha kuyeza ndi viscometer. Viscometer ndi chipangizo chomwe chimayesa kukana kwamadzimadzi kuti ayende. Kukhuthala kwamadzimadzi ndi chinthu chofunikira pamagwiritsidwe ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, viscosity yamadzimadzi imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito dziwani kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimafunikira kuti zisunthike kudzera mu chitoliro.
Viscosity mu physics ndi imodzi mwazinthu za zinthu zomwe kusuntha kwa mamolekyu molingana ndi mamolekyu ozungulira amakumana, chifukwa cha mphamvu za intermolecular, mphamvu yosamva: mu zolimba ndizokwera kwambiri, koma zotsika kwambiri muzamadzimadzi ndi mpweya. Ngati timiza thupi lachilendo mumadzimadzi omwe tikuganiziridwa, lidzakumana ndi kukana komwe mphamvu zake zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mamasukidwe amadzimadzi.
Mwachitsanzo, molasses ili ndi kukhuthala kwakukulu kuposa madzi chifukwa imalimbana ndi kuyenda.
Pali njira zambiri zomwe munthu angagwiritse ntchito kuyeza kukhuthala kwa madzimadzi, chophweka komanso chowongoka kwambiri ndikugwetsa gawo la m'mimba mwake mumtsuko wowonekera womwe uli ndi madzimadzi omwe kukhuthala kwake kumayesa kudziwa.
CHENJEZO: kubwereza kwa mamasukidwe akayendedwe amatchedwa fluidity, muyeso wosalala.
Viscosity ndi chinthu chofunikira pozindikira mphamvu zomwe ziyenera kugonjetsera zakumwa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popaka mafuta ndikunyamulidwa mu mipope. Choncho zidzakhala zofunika kwa ife pansistand ndi mtundu wanji wa madzimadzi Besa® valavu idzagwira ntchito, monga kukangana pakati pa makoma a chitoliro ndi madzi omwe akuyenda momwemo kumakhudza kutulutsa kwa valve.
Imawongolera kutuluka kwamadzi processzinthu monga kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, jekeseni akamaumba ndi pamwamba ❖ kuyanika.
Kukhuthala kwamphamvu
Tiyeni tikambirane ndege ziwiri, zolekanitsidwa ndi madzi (kutentha koyendetsedwa) ndi kufanana each ina, yoyima ndipo inayo imakankhidwa ndi mphamvu yomwe imakankhira / kuikoka mofanana ndi ndege ina.
Malingana ndi madzi omwe timagwiritsa ntchito polekanitsa ndege ziwirizi, ndipo nthawi zonse timagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yomweyo kuti tisunthire imodzi mwa ndege ziwirizi, tidzapeza kuti kuthamanga kwa ndege kumasiyana malinga ndi madzi omwe tasankha.
Generalising tili ndi:
A (m^2)= dera la ndege zofananira
y (m)= mtunda pakati pa ndege ziwirizi
F (N)= mphamvu yogwiritsidwa ntchito pa ndege yoyenda
u (m/s^2)= liwiro la ndege yoyenda
τ = mphamvu yamphamvu
Mphamvu ya tangential idzakhala yosiyana kwambiri ndi mtunda wapakati pa ndege ziwirizo komanso molingana ndi liwiro.
Kutchula liwu la liwiro kumapangitsa kuti zinthu zikhale zovuta, chifukwa mwachidziwitso kokha ndiko kusintha kwa liwiro la mzere.
Mayunitsi a muyeso
Mu International system viscosity imayesedwa mu pascals (Pa s) yomwe ili yofanana ndi poiseuille (PI), nthawi zina pamafuta opaka mafuta a CGS amagwiritsidwanso ntchito, mwachitsanzo centipoise (cP)
1 Pa = 1 PI
1 cP = 1 mPI
Kinematic Viscosity: 1 cSt (centiStokes) = 10-6 m2/s
Zamadzi | Kutentha (ºF) | Kutentha (ºC) | Kinematic Viscosity CentiStokes (cSt) | Kinematic Viscosity Seconds Saybolt Universal (SSU) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acetaldehyde CH3CHO | 61 | 16.1 | 0.305 | 36 |
Acetaldehyde CH3CHO | 68 | 20 | 0.295 | |
Acetic acid - viniga - 10% CH3COOH | 59 | 15 | 1.35 | 31.7 |
Acetic acid - 50% | 59 | 15 | 2.27 | 33 |
Acetic acid - 80% | 59 | 15 | 2.85 | 35 |
Acetic acid - glacial yokhazikika | 59 | 15 | 1.34 | 31.7 |
Acetic acid anhydride (CH3COO)2O | 59 | 15 | 0.88 | |
Acetone CH3COCH3 | 68 | 20 | 0.41 | |
Mowa - allyl | 68 | 20 | 1.60 | 31.8 |
Mowa - allyl | 104 | 40 | 0.90 cp pa | |
Mowa - butyl-n | 68 | 20 | 3.64 | 38 |
Mowa - ethyl (tirigu) C2H5OH | 68 | 20 | 1.52 | 31.7 |
Mowa - ethyl (tirigu) C2H5OH | 100 | 37.8 | 1.2 | 31.5 |
Mowa - methyl (nkhuni) CH3OH | 59 | 15 | 0.74 | |
Mowa - methyl (nkhuni) CH3OH | 32 | 0 | 1.04 | |
Mowa - propyl | 68 | 20 | 2.8 | 35 |
Mowa - propyl | 122 | 50 | 1.4 | 31.7 |
Aluminiyamu sulphate - 36% yankho | 68 | 20 | 1.41 | 31.7 |
Amoniya | 0 | -17.8 | 0.30 | |
alinine | 68 | 20 | 4.37 | 40 |
alinine | 50 | 10 | 6.4 | 46.4 |
Phula RC-0, MC-0, SC-0 | 77 | 25 | 159-324 | 737-1.5M |
Phula RC-0, MC-0, SC-0 | 100 | 37.8 | 60-108 | 280-500 |
Makina opangira mafuta a crankcase | 0 | -17.8 | 1295-Max | 6M-max |
Mtengo wa SAE10W | ||||
Makina opangira mafuta a crankcase | 0 | -17.8 | 1295-2590 | 6M-12M |
Mtengo wa SAE10W | ||||
Makina opangira mafuta a crankcase | 0 | -17.8 | 2590-10350 | 12M-48M |
Mtengo wa SAE20W | ||||
Makina opangira mafuta a crankcase | 210 | 98.9 | 5.7-9.6 | 45-58 |
SAFA 20 | ||||
Makina opangira mafuta a crankcase | 210 | 98.9 | 9.6-12.9 | 58-70 |
SAFA 30 | ||||
Makina opangira mafuta a crankcase | 210 | 98.9 | 12.9-16.8 | 70-85 |
SAFA 40 | ||||
Makina opangira mafuta a crankcase | 210 | 98.9 | 16.8-22.7 | 85-110 |
SAFA 50 | ||||
Mafuta a galimoto | 210 | 98.9 | 4.2 Mph | 40 Mph |
Mtengo wa SAE75W | ||||
Mafuta a galimoto | 210 | 98.9 | 7.0 Mph | 49 Mph |
Mtengo wa SAE80W | ||||
Mafuta a galimoto | 210 | 98.9 | 11.0 Mph | 63 Mph |
Mtengo wa SAE85W | ||||
Mafuta a galimoto | 210 | 98.9 | 14-25 | 74-120 |
Mtengo wa SAE90W | ||||
Mafuta a galimoto | 210 | 98.9 | 25-43 | 120-200 |
SAFA 140 | ||||
Mafuta a galimoto | 210 | 98.9 | 43 min | 200 Mph |
Mtengo wa SAE150 | ||||
Mowa | 68 | 20 | 1.8 | 32 |
Benzene (Benzol) C6H6 | 32 | 0 | 1.0 | 31 |
Benzene (Benzol) C6H6 | 68 | 20 | 0.74 | |
Mafuta a mafupa | 130 | 54.4 | 47.5 | 220 |
Mafuta a mafupa | 212 | 100 | 11.6 | 65 |
Bromine | 68 | 20 | 0.34 | |
Butane-n | -50 | -1.1 | 0.52 | |
Butane-n | 30 | 0.35 | ||
Butyric acid n | 68 | 20 | 1.61 | 31.6 |
Butyric acid n | 32 | 0 | 2.3 cp pa | |
Calcium chloride 5% | 65 | 18.3 | 1156 | |
Calcium chloride 25% | 60 | 15.6 | 4.0 | 39 |
Carbolic acid (phenol) | 65 | 18.3 | 11.83 | 65 |
Carbolic acid (phenol) | 194 | 90 | 1.26 cp pa | |
Mpweya wa tetrachloride CCl4 | 68 | 20 | 0.612 | |
Mpweya wa tetrachloride CCl4 | 100 | 37.8 | 0.53 | |
Carbon disulfide CS2 | 32 | 0 | 0.33 | |
Carbon disulfide CS2 | 68 | 20 | 0.298 | |
Mafuta a Castor | 100 | 37.8 | 259-325 | 1200-1500 |
Mafuta a Castor | 130 | 54.4 | 98-130 | 450-600 |
Mafuta aku China | 69 | 20.6 | 308.5 | 1425 |
Mafuta aku China | 100 | 37.8 | 125.5 | 580 |
Chloroform | 68 | 20 | 0.38 | |
Chloroform | 140 | 60 | 0.35 | |
Kokonati mafuta | 100 | 37.8 | 29.8-31.6 | 140-148 |
Kokonati mafuta | 130 | 54.4 | 14.7-15.7 | 76-80 |
Mafuta a Cod (mafuta a nsomba) | 100 | 37.8 | 32.1 | 150 |
Mafuta a Cod (mafuta a nsomba) | 130 | 54.4 | 19.4 | 95 |
Mafuta a chimanga | 130 | 54.4 | 28.7 | 135 |
Mafuta a chimanga | 212 | 100 | 8.6 | 54 |
Chimanga wowuma njira | 70 | 21.1 | 32.1 | 150 |
22 Bamu | 100 | 37.8 | 27.5 | 130 |
Chimanga wowuma njira | 70 | 21.1 | 129.8 | 600 |
24 Bamu | 100 | 37.8 | 95.2 | 440 |
Chimanga wowuma njira | 70 | 21.1 | 303 | 1400 |
25 Bamu | 100 | 37.8 | 173.2 | 800 |
Mafuta a thonje | 100 | 37.8 | 37.9 | 176 |
Mafuta a thonje | 130 | 54.4 | 20.6 | 100 |
Mafuta a azitona 48º API | 60 | 15.6 | 3.8 | 39 |
Mafuta a azitona 48º API | 130 | 54.4 | 1.6 | 31.8 |
Mafuta a azitona 40º API | 60 | 15.6 | 9.7 | 55.7 |
Mafuta a azitona 40º API | 130 | 54.4 | 3.5 | 38 |
Mafuta a azitona 35.6º API | 60 | 15.6 | 17.8 | 88.4 |
Mafuta a azitona 35.6º API | 130 | 54.4 | 4.9 | 42.3 |
Mafuta a azitona 32.6º API | 60 | 15.6 | 23.2 | 110 |
Mafuta a azitona 32.6º API | 130 | 54.4 | 7.1 | 46.8 |
Decane-n | 0 | 17.8 | 2.36 | 34 |
Decane-n | 100 | 37.8 | 1001 | 31 |
Diethyl glycol | 70 | 21.1 | 32 | 149.7 |
Diethyl ether | 68 | 20 | 0.32 | |
Mafuta a dizilo 20 | 100 | 37.8 | 44714 | 32.6-45.5 |
Mafuta a dizilo 20 | 130 | 54.4 | 1.-3.97 | -39 |
Mafuta a dizilo 30 | 100 | 37.8 | 6-11.75 | 45.5-65 |
Mafuta a dizilo 30 | 130 | 54.4 | 3.97-6.78 | 39-48 |
Mafuta a dizilo 40 | 100 | 37.8 | 29.8 max | 140 max |
Mafuta a dizilo 40 | 130 | 54.4 | 13.1 max | 70 max |
Mafuta a dizilo 60 | 122 | 50 | 86.6 max | 400 max |
Mafuta a dizilo 60 | 160 | 71.1 | 35.2 max | 165 max |
Ethyl acetate CH3COOC2H3 | 59 | 15 | 0.4 | |
Ethyl acetate CH3COOC2H3 | 68 | 20 | 0.49 | |
Ethyl bromide C2H5Br | 68 | 20 | 0.27 | |
Ethylene bromide | 68 | 20 | 0.787 | |
Ethylene chloride | 68 | 20 | 0.668 | |
Ethylene glycol | 70 | 21.1 | 17.8 | 88.4 |
Formic acid 10% | 68 | 20 | 1.04 | 31 |
Formic acid 50% | 68 | 20 | 1.2 | 31.5 |
Formic acid 80% | 68 | 20 | 1.4 | 31.7 |
Formic acid wokhazikika | 68 | 20 | 1.48 | 31.7 |
Formic acid wokhazikika | 77 | 25 | 1.57p | |
Freon - 11 | 70 | 21.1 | 0.21 | |
Freon - 12 | 70 | 21.1 | 0.27 | |
Freon - 21 | 70 | 21.1 | 1.45 | |
Fufurol | 68 | 20 | 1.45 | 31.7 |
Fufurol | 77 | 25 | 1.49p | |
Mafuta amafuta 1 | 70 | 21.1 | 2.39-4.28 | 34-40 |
Mafuta amafuta 1 | 100 | 37.8 | -2.69 | 32-35 |
Mafuta amafuta 2 | 70 | 21.1 | 3.0-7.4 | 36-50 |
Mafuta amafuta 2 | 100 | 37.8 | 2.11-4.28 | 33-40 |
Mafuta amafuta 3 | 70 | 21.1 | 2.69-5.84 | 35-45 |
Mafuta amafuta 3 | 100 | 37.8 | 2.06-3.97 | 32.8-39 |
Mafuta amafuta 5A | 70 | 21.1 | 7.4-26.4 | 50-125 |
Mafuta amafuta 5A | 100 | 37.8 | 4.91-13.7 | 42-72 |
Mafuta amafuta 5B | 70 | 21.1 | 26.4- | 125- |
Mafuta amafuta 5B | 100 | 37.8 | 13.6-67.1 | 72-310 |
Mafuta amafuta 6 | 122 | 50 | 97.4-660 | 450-3M |
Mafuta amafuta 6 | 160 | 71.1 | 37.5-172 | 175-780 |
Mafuta a gasi | 70 | 21.1 | 13.9 | 73 |
Mafuta a gasi | 100 | 37.8 | 7.4 | 50 |
petulo a | 60 | 15.6 | 0.88 | |
petulo a | 100 | 37.8 | 0.71 | |
Mafuta b | 60 | 15.6 | 0.64 | |
Mafuta b | 100 | 37.8 | ||
Mafuta c | 60 | 15.6 | 0.46 | |
Mafuta c | 100 | 37.8 | 0.40 | |
Glycerin 100% | 68.6 | 20.3 | 648 | 2950 |
Glycerin 100% | 100 | 37.8 | 176 | 813 |
Glycerin 50% madzi | 68 | 20 | 5.29 | 43 |
Glycerin 50% madzi | 140 | 60 | 1.85 cp pa | |
Gulukosi | 100 | 37.8 | 7.7M-22M | 35M-100M |
Gulukosi | 150 | 65.6 | 880-2420 | 4M-11M |
Heptanes-n | 0 | -17.8 | 0.928 | |
Heptanes-n | 100 | 37.8 | 0.511 | |
Hexane-n | 0 | -17.8 | 0.683 | |
Hexane-n | 100 | 37.8 | 0.401 | |
Honey | 100 | 37.8 | 73.6 | 349 |
Inki, osindikiza | 100 | 37.8 | 550-2200 | 2500-10M |
Inki, osindikiza | 130 | 54.4 | 238-660 | 1100-3M |
Insulating mafuta | 70 | 21.1 | 24.1 max | 115 max |
Insulating mafuta | 100 | 37.8 | 11.75 max | 65 max |
palafini | 68 | 20 | 2.71 | 35 |
Mafuta a Jet | -30. | -34.4 | 7.9 | 52 |
Lard | 100 | 37.8 | 62.1 | 287 |
Lard | 130 | 54.4 | 34.3 | 160 |
Mafuta a azitona | 100 | 37.8 | 41-47.5 | 190-220 |
Mafuta a azitona | 130 | 54.4 | 23.4-27.1 | 112-128 |
Mafuta otsekedwa | 100 | 37.8 | 30.5 | 143 |
Mafuta otsekedwa | 130 | 54.4 | 18.94 | 93 |
Mercury | 70 | 21.1 | 0.118 | |
Mercury | 100 | 37.8 | 0.11 | |
methyl acetate | 68 | 20 | 0.44 | |
methyl acetate | 104 | 40 | 0.32 cp pa | |
Methyl iodide | 68 | 20 | 0.213 | |
Methyl iodide | 104 | 40 | 0.42 cp pa | |
Mafuta a Menhaden | 100 | 37.8 | 29.8 | 140 |
Mafuta a Menhaden | 130 | 54.4 | 18.2 | 90 |
Mkaka | 68 | 20 | 1.13 | 31.5 |
Molasses A, poyamba | 100 | 37.8 | 281-5070 | 1300-23500 |
Molasses A, poyamba | 130 | 54.4 | 151-1760 | 700-8160 |
B, kachiwiri | 100 | 37.8 | 1410-13.2M | 6535-61180 |
B, kachiwiri | 130 | 54.4 | 660-3.3M | 3058-15294 |
C, chingwe chakuda | 100 | 37.8 | 2630-55M | 12190-255M |
C, chingwe chakuda | 130 | 54.4 | 1320-16.5M | 6120-76.5M |
Naphthalene | 176 | 80 | 0.9 | |
Naphthalene | 212 | 100 | 0.78 cp pa | |
Mafuta a Neatstool | 100 | 37.8 | 49.7 | 230 |
Mafuta a Neatstool | 130 | 54.4 | 27.5 | 130 |
Nitrobenzene | 68 | 20 | 1.67 | 31.8 |
Palibe-n | 0 | -17.8 | 1728 | 32 |
Palibe-n | 100 | 37.8 | 0.807 | |
Octane-n | 0 | -17.8 | 1266 | 31.7 |
Octane-n | 100 | 37.8 | 0.645 | |
Mafuta a azitona | 100 | 37.8 | 43.2 | 200 |
Mafuta a azitona | 130 | 54.4 | 24.1 | |
Mafuta a Palms | 100 | 37.8 | 47.8 | |
Mafuta a Palms | 130 | 54.4 | 26.4 | |
Mafuta a mandata | 100 | 37.8 | 42 | 200 |
Mafuta a mandata | 130 | 54.4 | 23.4 | |
Pentane-n | 0 | 17.8 | 0.508 | |
Pentane-n | 80 | 26.7 | 0.342 | |
petrolatum | 130 | 54.4 | 20.5 | 100 |
petrolatum | 160 | 71.1 | 15 | 77 |
Mafuta a ether | 60 | 15.6 | 31 (onse) | 1.1 |
Propionic acid | 32 | 0 | 1.52 cp pa | 31.5 |
Propionic acid | 68 | 20 | 1.13 | |
propylene glycol | 70 | 21.1 | 52 | 241 |
Kuchotsa mafuta | 100-120 | 20.5-25 | ||
Mafuta ophika | 100 | 37.8 | 54.1 | 250 |
Mafuta ophika | 130 | 54.4 | 31 | 145 |
Mafuta a rosin | 100 | 37.8 | 324.7 | 1500 |
Mafuta a rosin | 130 | 54.4 | 129.9 | 600 |
Rosin (mtengo) | 100 | 37.8 | 216-11M | 1M-50M |
Rosin (mtengo) | 200 | 93.3 | 108-4400 | 500-20M |
Mafuta a Sesame | 100 | 37.8 | 39.6 | 184 |
Mafuta a Sesame | 130 | 54.4 | 23 | 110 |
Sodium kolorayidi 5% | 68 | 20 | 1097 | 31.1 |
Sodium kolorayidi 25% | 60 | 15.6 | 2.4 | 34 |
Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) 20% | 65 | 18.3 | 4.0 | 39.4 |
Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) 30% | 65 | 18.3 | 10.0 | 58.1 |
Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) 40% | 65 | 18.3 | ||
Mafuta a soya | 100 | 37.8 | 35.4 | 165 |
Mafuta a soya | 130 | 5.4 | 19.64 | 96 |
Mafuta a umuna | 100 | 37.5 | 21-23 | 110 |
Mafuta a umuna | 130 | 54.4 | 15.2 | 78 |
sulfuric acid 100% | 68 | 20 | 14.56 | 76 |
sulfuric acid 100% | 140 | 60 | 7.2 cp pa | |
sulfuric acid 95% | 68 | 20 | 14.5 | 75 |
sulfuric acid 60% | 68 | 20 | 4.4 | 41 |
sulfuric acid 20% | 3M-8M | |||
sulfuric acid 20% | 650-1400 | |||
Tar, uvuni wa coke | 70 | 21.1 | 600-1760 | 15M-300M |
Tar, uvuni wa coke | 100 | 37.8 | 141-308 | 2M-20M |
Tar, nyumba ya gasi | 70 | 21.1 | 3300-66M | 2500 |
Tar, nyumba ya gasi | 100 | 37.8 | 440-4400 | 500 |
Tar, paini | 100 | 37.8 | 559 | 200-300 |
Tar, paini | 132 | 55.6 | 108.2 | 55-60 |
Toluene | 68 | 20 | 0.68 | 185.7 |
Toluene | 140 | 60 | 0.38 cp pa | |
Triethylene glycol | 70 | 21.1 | 40 | 400-440 |
Triethylene glycol | 185-205 | |||
Njoka Yamoto | 100 | 37.8 | 86.5-95.2 | 1425 |
Njoka Yamoto | 130 | 54.4 | 39.9-44.3 | 650 |
Varnish, spar | 68 | 20 | 313 | |
Varnish, spar | 100 | 37.8 | 143 | |
Madzi, osungunuka | 68 | 20 | 10038 | 31 |
Madzi, atsopano | 60 | 15.6 | 1.13 | 31.5 |
Madzi, atsopano | 130 | 54.4 | 0.55 | |
Madzi, nyanja | 1.15 | 31.5 | ||
Mafuta a whale | 100 | 37.8 | 35-39.6 | 163-184 |
Mafuta a whale | 130 | 54.4 | 19.9-23.4 | 97-112 |
Xylene-o | 68 | 20 | 0.93 | |
Xylene-o | 104 | 40 | 0.623 cp pa |