Kodi valavu yotetezera ndi chiyani?
Valavu yotetezera kuthamanga (acronym PSV) ndi chipangizo chodziwikiratu chokhala ndi cholowera ndi chotulukira, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala chokhazikika each ina (pa 90 °), yokhoza kuchepetsa kuthamanga mkati mwa dongosolo.
Chithunzi chakumanzere chikuyimira chojambula chachitetezo cha valve, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikiro pazithunzi zaumisiri zamakina a thermo-hydraulic.
Ma valve otetezeka ndi zida zothandizira mwadzidzidzi pamadzi opanikizika, omwe ntchito basi pamene kuthamanga kwayikidwa kwadutsa. Ma valve awa amayendetsedwa ndi mayiko komanso mayiko ena standARDS. Ma valve athu ayenera kukula, kuyesedwa, kuikidwa ndi yosungidwa molingana ndi malamulo omwe alipo komanso monga momwe zalembedwera m'mabuku athu.
Besa® ma valve otetezeka ndi zotsatira za chidziwitso chochuluka, kuyambira 1946 mpaka lero, m'madera osiyanasiyana ogwiritsira ntchito ndipo makamaka amakwaniritsa zofunikira zonse za chitetezo chaposachedwa cha chipangizocho. Iwo ali mwangwiro angathe osapitirira pazipita kuthamanga kuwonjezeka analola, ngakhale zina zonse zodziyimira pawokha chitetezo zipangizo anaika kumtunda kwalephera.
Zigawo zazikulu za valve yotetezera zikuwonetsedwa pachithunzichi:
Chidziwitso pakugwiritsa ntchito ndi kugwiritsa ntchito lever ya disc
Chophimba cha disc lift ndi chowonjezera chomwe valavu yotetezera ikhoza kukhala nayoped ndi, zomwe zimalola kukweza pang'ono kwa disc. Kawirikawiri, cholinga cha kayendetsedwe kameneka ndikuyambitsa - panthawi ya opaleshoni - kuthawa kwa valve process madzi kuti yeretsani malo pakati pa mpando ndi disc, kuyang'ana "kumata" kulikonse kotheka. Kuwongolera pamanja kukweza shutter, kuyenera kuchitidwa ndi valavu yoyikidwa bwino pa dongosolo lomwe likugwira ntchito komanso pamaso pa mtengo wina wopanikizika, kuti athe kupindula ndi kukakamizidwa kochitidwa ndi process madzimadzi kuti muchepetse mphamvu ya wogwiritsa ntchito pamanja.
Mbiri ya valve chitetezo
Zaka zambiri zapitazo, m'misewu ya ku Asia wakale, mpunga wofufuma unkagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito miphika yotsekedwa ndi hermetically momwe mbewu za mpunga zinkayikidwa mkati ndi madzi. Potembenuza mphika pamoto kupanikizika mkati mwake kumawonjezeka chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa msamphaped madzi. Mpunga ukaphikidwa, mphikawo unkakulungaped m'thumba ndikutsegula, ndikuyambitsa kuphulika kolamulidwa. Imeneyi inali njira yoopsa kwambiri, chifukwa popanda valavu yotetezera, panali chiopsezo cha chinthu chonsecho kuphulika mosadziwa. Njira imeneyi inalowedwa m'malo kwambiri nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse itatha ndi makina ogwira mtima kwambiri otha kupanga mpunga wosalekeza.
Ma valve oyambirira otetezera anali developed m'zaka za zana la 17 kuyambira ziwonetsero ndi woyambitsa wa ku France Denis Papin.
Kalelo masiku amenewo, ma valve otetezera ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi lever ndi a kulimbana kulemera (omwe alipobe mpaka pano) ngakhale, masiku ano, a kugwiritsa ntchito kasupe m'malo mwa kulemera kwakhala kotchuka komanso kothandiza.
Kodi vavu yotetezera ndi chiyani?
Cholinga chachikulu cha ma valve otetezera ndikuteteza miyoyo ya anthu poletsa dongosolo lililonse, lomwe likugwira ntchito mokakamizidwa, kuti lisaphulika.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndikofunikira kutsimikizira kuti ma valve otetezeka amagwira ntchito nthawi zonse, chifukwa ndi zida zomaliza pamndandanda wautali zomwe zingalepheretse kuphulika.
Zithunzi zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa zotsatira zowononga za valavu yotetezedwa molakwika, yoyikidwa kapena yosungidwa nthawi zonse:
chitetezo valve ntchito
Kodi valavu yotetezera imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti?
Kulikonse Zowopsa zowopsa zogwirira ntchito kuti zidutse, ma valve otetezeka ayenera kuyikidwa. Dongosolo likhoza kulowa overpressure pazifukwa zingapo.
Zifukwa zazikulu ndi izi kukwera kosalamulirika kwa kutentha, kuchititsa expansipamadzimadzi ndi zotsatira za kuchuluka kwa kuthamanga, monga moto mu dongosolo kapena kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa kuziziritsa.
Chifukwa china, chomwe valavu yotetezera imayambira, ndi kulephera mpweya woponderezedwa kapena magetsi, kuteteza kuwerenga kolondola kwa masensa pa chida chowongolera.
Zovuta ndizonso nthawi yoyamba pamene kuyambitsa dongosolo kwa nthawi yoyamba, kapena pambuyo poyimitsidwaped kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kodi valavu yotetezera imagwira ntchito bwanji?
- Kupanikizika komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi madzi mkati mwa thupi la valve kumachita pamwamba pa diski, kutulutsa mphamvu F.
- Pamene F reacali ndi mphamvu yofanana ndi mphamvu ya masika (kasupe amayikidwa mkati mwa valavu ndipo amasinthidwa kale ndi kuponderezedwa kwa mtengo wokonzedweratu), pulagi imayamba kutulutsa kuchokera kumalo osindikizira a mpando ndi process madzimadzi amayamba kuyenda (izi siziri, komabe, kuthamanga kwakukulu kwa valve).
- Panthawiyi, kawirikawiri, kuthamanga kwamtunda kumapitirirabe kuwonjezereka, kuchititsa, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa pafupifupi 10% (kutchedwa overpressure) poyerekeza ndi kupanikizika kokhazikika, kukweza kwadzidzidzi ndi kwathunthu kwa diski ya valve, yomwe imatulutsa process sing'anga kupyola valavu osachepera gawo mtanda.
- Pamene mphamvu ya valavu yotetezera ikufanana ndi kuthamanga kwa kayendedwe kamene kamayenera kutulutsidwa, kupanikizika mkati mwa zida zotetezedwa kumakhalabe kosalekeza. Apo ayi, ngati mphamvu ya valavu yotetezera ndipamwamba kusiyana ndi kuthamanga kwa kutuluka, kupanikizika mkati mwa zipangizo kumachepa. Pankhaniyi, diski, yomwe mphamvu ya kasupe ikupitirizabe kuchitapo kanthu, imayamba kuchepetsa kukweza kwake (ie mtunda pakati pa mpando ndi diski) mpaka gawo la valve likutseka (nthawi zambiri kuchepa - kutchedwa blowdown - ofanana ndi 10% kuchepera kuposa kukakamizidwa kokhazikitsidwa) ndi process madzimadzi amasiya kutuluka.
Ndi mitundu ingati ya mavavu otetezera omwe alipo?
Potengera zida zothandizira kupanikizika (acronym PRD), kusiyana kofunikira kungapangidwe pakati pa zida zomwe kutseka kachiwiri ndi iwo omwe osatsekanso pambuyo pa opaleshoni yawo. Mu gulu loyamba timakhala ndi ma disc ophulika ndi zida zogwiritsira ntchito pini. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, gulu lachiwiri lagawidwa kukhala kutsitsa mwachindunji ndi zida zoyendetsedwa. Ma valve otetezera ndi mbali ya zipangizo zomwe zimatsekanso pambuyo poyendetsedwa ndi kasupe kamodzi kapena zingapo.
Kuonjezera apo, kusiyana kwina kungapangidwe malinga ndi ntchito ya ma valve. Monga tikuonera pachithunzichi, alipo kukweza kwathunthu ma valve otetezeka ndi wofanana ma valve otetezeka, omwe amatchedwanso ma valve othandizira.
valavu yotetezera vs valve yothandizira
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa ma valve otetezeka ndi ma valve othandizira?
Mavavu otetezera (acronym PSV) ndi magetsi opuma (acronym PRV) nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka chifukwa ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi magwiridwe antchito. M'malo mwake, ma valve onsewa amangotulutsa madzi pokhapokha ngati kupanikizika kumaposa mtengo wokhazikitsidwa. Zosiyana zawo nthawi zambiri zimanyalanyazidwa, monga momwe zilili zosinthika m'machitidwe ena opanga. Kusiyana kwakukulu sikuli mu cholinga chawo, koma mu mtundu wa ntchito. Ku understand kusiyana pakati pa ziwirizi, tiyenera kupita ku matanthauzo operekedwa ndi ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) Boiler & Pressure Vessel kapena BPVC.
The chitetezo cha chitetezo ndi chipangizo chowongolera chowongolera chomwe chimayendetsedwa ndi kuthamanga kwamadzi kumtunda kwa valavu, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira gasi kapena nthunzi, "kukweza kwathunthu" zochita.
The valavu yothandizira (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti 'valve yochuluka') ndi chipangizo chothandizira chothandizira chomwe chimayendetsedwa ndi kuthamanga kwa static kumtunda kwa valve. Iwo imatsegula molingana pamene kuthamanga kupitirira mphamvu yotsegulira, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popanga madzimadzi.
Ubwino pa kuchuluka
Chalk kwa mavavu chitetezo
Mavavu otetezedwa okhala ndi mikwingwirima / chitetezo
Bellows mu valve chitetezo ali ndi ntchito zotsatirazi:
1) kusanja mavuvu: imatsimikizira ntchito yoyenera ya valavu yachitetezo, kuletsa kapena kuchepetsa zotsatira za backpressure, zomwe zingathe kukhazikitsidwa kapena kumangidwanso, kumtengo wapatali mkati mwa malire otchulidwa a valve.
2) chitetezo champhamvu: imateteza spindle, spindle guide ndi mbali zonse zapamtunda za valve (kuphatikiza masika) kuti asagwirizane ndi process madzimadzi, kuwonetsetsa kuti mbali zonse zosuntha zikuyenda bwino ndikuthandizira kupewa kuwonongeka chifukwa cha cristallization kapena polymerisation, dzimbiri kapena abrasion wa zigawo zamkati, zomwe zingasokoneze magwiridwe antchito olondola a valavu yachitetezo.
Chitetezo cha valveped ndi pneumatic actuator
The pneumatic actuator imalola kukweza kwathunthu kwa disc, kuyendetsedwa kutali komanso mopanda kukakamizidwa ndi ntchito process madzimadzi.
Chitetezo cha valveped ndi chipangizo chotchinga chimbale
Besa akhoza kukonzekeretsa mavavu ake otetezeka ndi "test gag", yomwe imakhala ndi zomangira ziwiri, zofiira ndi zobiriwira. Chophimba chofiira, chotalika kuposa chobiriwira, chimalepheretsa kukweza kwa disc, kulepheretsa valavu kutsegula.
Chitetezo cha valveped yokhala ndi ma valve a pneumaticped ndi chizindikiro chokweza
Ntchito yowonetsera kukweza ndikuzindikira kukweza kwa disc, mwachitsanzo, kutsegula kwa valve.
Chitetezo cha valveped ndi vibrations stabilizer
The vibration stabilizer amachepetsa oscillations osachepera ndi vibrations zomwe zingachitike panthawi yopuma, kuchititsa valavu kugwira ntchito molakwika.
Ma valve otetezeka osindikizira osindikizira
Kuti mupeze chisindikizo chabwino pakati pa disc ndi malo okhala, ndizotheka kukonzekeretsa valavu ndi chisindikizo chokhazikika. Njirayi ikuchitika pambuyo kusanthula zaumisiri dipatimenti ndikuganizira zinthu zolimbitsa thupi: kuthamanga, kutentha, chilengedwe ndi thupi process sing'anga.
chisindikizo chokhazikika chimapezedwa ndi zinthu zotsatirazi: viton ®, NBR, neoprene ®, Kalrez ®, Kaflon™, EPDM, PTFE, PEEK™
Ma valve otetezeka okhala ndi jekete yotenthetsera
Pankhani ya media yowoneka bwino kwambiri, yomata kapena yowoneka bwino, valavu yotetezera imatha kuperekedwa ndi jekete yotenthetsera, yomwe ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chowotcherera pa valavu, yodzaza ndi madzi otentha (nthunzi, madzi otentha, ndi zina zotero) kuti athe chitsimikizo ndi process media flowability kudzera valavu.
Malo osindikizira olembedwa
Pofuna kupeza dzimbiri bwino ndi kuvala kukana chimbale ndi mpando kusindikiza pamalo, pa pempho kapena pambuyo Tech. Kusanthula kwa Dept., ma valve otetezera amaperekedwa ndi disc ndi mpando wokhala ndi malo osindikizira. Njirayi ikulimbikitsidwa pakakhala kuthamanga kwambiri komanso kutentha, media abrasive, media yokhala ndi zida zolimba, cavitation.
Kuphatikizika kwa ma valve otetezeka ndi disc rupture disc
Besa® ma valve otetezeka ndi oyenera unsembe osakaniza ndi kupasuka kwa discs amapangidwa kumtunda kapena kumunsi kwa valve. Ma discs ophulika omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zotere amayenera kutsimikiziridwa kuti sagawanika, kuchokera pamawonekedwe ake. Kwa mphamvu yamadzimadzi, kumbali ina, disc iliyonse yophulika yomwe ili pamwamba pa valavu iyenera kukhazikitsidwa motere:
- rupture disc ikuyenda ma diameter ndi akulu kuposa kapena ofanana ndi valavu yachitetezo cholowera m'mimba mwake
- kutsika kwapakati (kuwerengedwa kuchokera ku mphamvu yothamanga yomwe imachulukitsidwa ndi 1.15) kuchokera ku tanki yotetezedwa yolowera ku valve inlet flange ndi yocheperapo 3% ya mphamvu ya valve yotetezera. Malo pakati pa diski yophulika ndi valavu ayenera kuthamangitsidwa ku chitoliro cha 1/4 "m'njira yoonetsetsa kuti kuthamanga kwa mlengalenga kuli bwino komanso kotetezedwa. Pakuwunika kolondola kwa ma disks malinga ndi mphamvu yamadzimadzi, factor Fd (EN ISO 4126-3 Masamba 12. 13) iyenera kuganiziridwa, ndipo ikhoza kutengedwa kukhala 0.
Kugwiritsa ntchito rupture disc kumtunda kwa valavu yachitetezo kungalimbikitsidwe pamilandu iyi:
- pogwira ntchito ndi media zaukali, kupatulira mbali yolowera ya valavu kuti isagwirizane ndi continuos process madzimadzi, kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zodula;
- chisindikizo chachitsulo chikaperekedwa, kupewa kutayikira mwangozi kwamadzimadzi pakati pa malo ampando/dimba.
Zopereka ndi zovomerezeka
Besa® ma valve otetezeka amapangidwa, kupangidwa ndi kusankhidwa malinga ndi European Directives 2014/68/EU (Chatsopano PED), 2014 / 34 / EU (ATEX) ndi API 520 ndi526. Besa® mankhwala amavomerezedwanso ndi RINA® (Besa ndi odziwika ngati wopanga) ndi DNV GL®.
Popempha Besa amapereka chithandizo chonse kwa machitidwe a mayeso ndi matupi akulu.
Apa m'munsimu mungapeze zitsimikizo zathu zazikulu zomwe timapeza pamavavu otetezera.
Besa valavu chitetezo ndi CE PED ovomerezeka
The PED Directive imapereka chizindikiritso cha zida zokakamiza ndi chilichonse chomwe kukakamiza kovomerezeka (PS) ndikokulirapo kuposa 0.5 bar. Chida ichi chikuyenera kukula molingana ndi:
- magawo ogwiritsira ntchito (kupanikizika, kutentha)
- mitundu yamadzimadzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito (madzi, gasi, ma hydrocarbon, etc.)
- chiŵerengero cha kukula/kupanikizika kofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito
Cholinga cha Directive 97/23/EC ndikugwirizanitsa malamulo onse a mayiko a European Community pazida zokakamiza. Makamaka, njira zopangira, kupanga, kuwongolera, kuyesa ndi gawo la ntchito zimayendetsedwa. Izi zimathandiza kufalitsidwa kwaulere kwa zida zokakamiza ndi zowonjezera.
Lamuloli limafunikira kutsata zofunikira zachitetezo zomwe wopanga amayenera kutsata zomwe zimapangidwa ndi kupanga process. Wopanga amayenera kuyerekeza ndi kuchepetsa kuopsa kwa chinthu chomwe chimayikidwa pamsika.
chitsimikizo process
Bungweli limachita kafukufuku ndi kuwongolera kutengera magawo osiyanasiyana owunikira machitidwe akampani. Ndiye, a PED bungwe limatulutsa ziphaso za CE za each mtundu ndi mtundu wazinthu komanso, ngati kuli kofunikira, komanso kutsimikizira komaliza musanatumize.
The PED kenako bungwe limapitilira ndi:
- Kusankhidwa kwa zitsanzo za certification/lelling
- Kuwunika kwa fayilo yaukadaulo ndi zolemba zamapangidwe
- Tanthauzo la zoyendera ndi wopanga
- Kutsimikizira kwa maulamuliro awa muutumiki
- Thupilo limapereka chiphaso cha CE ndi chizindikiro cha chinthu chomwe chapangidwa
Besa valavu chitetezo ndi CE ATEX ovomerezeka
ATEX - Zipangizo zamlengalenga zomwe zitha kuphulika (94/9/EC).
"Directive 94/9/EC, yodziwika bwino mwachidule ATEX, idakhazikitsidwa ku Italy ndi Lamulo la Purezidenti 126 la 23 Marichi 1998 ndipo limagwira ntchito kuzinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo omwe amatha kuphulika. Ndi kulowa mu mphamvu ya ATEX Directive, ndi standZotsatsa zomwe zidalipo kale zidathetsedwa ndipo kuyambira pa 1 Julayi 2003 ndizoletsedwa kugulitsa zinthu zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi zatsopano.
Directive 94/9/EC ndi lamulo la 'njira yatsopano' yomwe cholinga chake ndi kulola kuyenda kwaufulu kwa katundu mkati mwa Community. Izi zimatheka mwa kugwirizanitsa zofunikira zachitetezo chalamulo, kutsatira njira yozikidwa pa ngozi. Ikufunanso kuthetsa kapena, kuchepetsa kuopsa kobwera chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina kapena mogwirizana ndi malo omwe atha kuphulika. Izi
zikutanthauza kuti kuthekera kwa mpweya wophulika kuyenera kuganiziridwa osati kokha "pamodzi" komanso kuchokera kumalo osasunthika, koma machitidwe onse ogwirira ntchito omwe angabwere kuchokera ku process ziyeneranso kuganiziridwa.
Directive imakhudza zida, kaya zili zokha kapena zophatikizidwa, zomwe zimayikidwa mu "zone" zomwe zimatchedwa kuti zowopsa; njira zodzitetezera zomwe zimayimitsa kapena kukhala ndi zophulika; zigawo ndi zigawo zofunika pakugwira ntchito kwa zida kapena machitidwe oteteza; ndi kuwongolera ndi kusintha zida zotetezera zothandiza kapena zofunikira pakugwira ntchito kotetezeka komanso kodalirika kwa zida kapena zoteteza.
Zina mwazinthu zatsopano za Directive, zomwe zimakhudza zoopsa zonse zamtundu uliwonse (zamagetsi kapena zopanda magetsi), zotsatirazi ziyenera kuwunikira:
- Kukhazikitsidwa kwa zofunikira pazaumoyo ndi chitetezo.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito migodi ndi zida zapamtunda.
- Kugawika kwa zida m'magulu malinga ndi mtundu wa chitetezo choperekedwa.
- Kuyang'anira zopanga potengera machitidwe amakampani.
Directive 94/9/EC imayika zida m'magulu akulu awiri:
- Gulu 1 (Gulu la M1 ndi M2): zida ndi machitidwe otetezera omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'migodi
- Gulu 2 (Gulu 1,2,3): Zida ndi zotetezera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamtunda. (85% yopanga mafakitale)
Kugawika kwa malo oyika zida kudzakhala udindo wa wogwiritsa ntchito; chifukwa chake malinga ndi malo omwe makasitomala ali pachiwopsezo (mwachitsanzo, zone 21 kapena zone 1) wopanga azipereka zida zoyenera zoneyo.
Besa valavu chitetezo ndi RINA ovomerezeka
RINA lakhala likugwira ntchito ngati bungwe la certification lapadziko lonse lapansi kuyambira 1989, monga chotsatira chachindunji cha kudzipereka kwawo pakuteteza chitetezo cha moyo wa anthu panyanja, kuteteza katundu ndi kuteteza marine chilengedwe, mokomera anthu ammudzi, monga momwe zalembedwera mu Lamulo lake, ndi kusamutsa luso lake, lomwe lapeza zaka zopitirira zana, kupita kuzinthu zina. Monga bungwe la certification lapadziko lonse lapansi, likudzipereka kuteteza moyo wa anthu, katundu ndi chilengedwe, mokomera anthu ammudzi, ndikugwiritsa ntchito zaka zambiri zachidziwitso kuzinthu zina.
Chizindikiro cha Eurasian Conformity
The Kugwirizana kwa Eurasian chizindikiro (EAC, Chirasha: Евразийское соответствие (ЕАС)) ndi chizindikiritso chosonyeza zinthu zomwe zikugwirizana ndi malamulo onse aukadaulo a Eurasian Customs Union. Zikutanthauza kuti EAC-Zogulitsa zolembedwa zimakwaniritsa zofunikira zonse zaukadaulo wofananira ndipo zadutsa njira zonse zowunikira.
Besa chitetezo mavavu minda yaikulu ntchito
Popeza 1946
M'munda ndi inu
BESA wakhala akupanga ma valve otetezera kwa zaka zambiri, kwa makhazikitsidwe osiyanasiyana, ndipo zomwe takumana nazo zimapereka chitsimikizo chabwino kwambiri. Timaphunzira mosamala each pa gawo la mawu, komanso zofunikira zilizonse zapadera kapena zopempha, mpaka titapeza yankho labwino kwambiri komanso valavu yoyenera kwambiri pakuyika kwanu.
