Chii chinonzi vharafu yekuchengetedza?
A pressure kuchengetedza vharafu (acronym PSV) chigadziro chine otomatiki chine chinopinza uye chinobuda, chinowanzoenderana ne each imwe (pa90 °), inokwanisa kuderedza pressure mukati mehurongwa.
Mufananidzo uri kuruboshwe unomiririra dhizaini yakadhirowewa yevharuvhu yekuchengetedza, inoshandiswa sechiratidzo mumadhiyamu einjiniya e thermo-hydraulic system.
Mavharuvhu ekuchengetedza midziyo yekuyamura yekukurumidzira yemvura yakamanikidzwa, iyo kushanda otomatiki apo kumanikidzwa kwakaiswa kwakapfuura. Aya mavharuvhu anodzorwa neakananga nyika nepasirese standARDS. Mavharuvhu edu anofanirwa kuve akakura, akaedzwa, akaiswa uye rakachengetedzwa maererano nemirau yazvino uye sezvakarongwa mumabhuku edu.
Besa® mavharuvhu ekuchengetedza mhedzisiro yeruzivo rwakakura, kubvira 1946 kusvika nhasi, mune dzakasiyana siyana dzekushandisa uye zvakanyanya kugutsa zvese zvinodiwa ichangoburwa kumanikidza mudziyo kudzivirira. Ivo vanokwanisa zvakakwana kusapfuura iyo yakanyanya kudzvanywa kuwedzera inobvumidzwa, kunyangwe zvimwe zvese zvakazvimiririra zvekuchengetedza zvigadzirwa zvakaiswa kumusoro kwerwizi zvatadza.
Izvo zvikamu zvikuru zvevhavha yekuchengetedza zvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo:
Cherechedza pakushandiswa uye kushandiswa kwedhisiki lever
Iyo dhisiki inosimudza lever ndeyekuwedzera iyo valve yekuchengetedza inogona kuve yakashongedzerwaped pamwe, izvo zvinobvumira bhuku rekunyora chikamu che disc. Kazhinji, chinangwa chekufambisa uku ndechekukonzera - panguva yekushanda kwevhavha - kupukunyuka kwe process fluid kuti chenesa nzvimbo pakati pechigaro uye disc, kutarisa chero zvingaita "kunamatira". Kufambisa kwemaoko kusimudza chivharo, kunofanira kuitwa nevhavha yakanyatsoiswa pahurongwa huri kushanda uye pamberi pehumwe hwekumanikidza kukosha, kuitira kuti ugone kubatsira kudzvinyirira kunoitwa ne process fluid kuderedza kushanda kwebhuku rekushandisa.
Nhoroondo yevhavhavhavha
Makore mazhinji apfuura, mumigwagwa yeAsia yekare, mupunga wakagadzirwa waigadzirwa pachishandiswa hari dzakavharwa mukati umo maiiswa tsanga dzemupunga mukati pamwe chete nemvura. Nekutenderedza hari pamusoro pemoto kudzvanywa mukati mayo kwakawedzera nekuda kwekubuda kwemusungoped mvura. Mupunga waibva, poto yakaputirwaped musaga ndokuvhurwa, zvichikonzera kuputika kunodzorwa. Iyi yaiva nzira ine ngozi zvikuru, nokuti pasina chivharo chekuchengetedza, pakanga pane ngozi yekuti chinhu chose chinoputika chisingaiti. Unyanzvi uhwu hwakanyanya kutsiviwa pashure peHondo Yenyika II nemichina inoshanda zvikuru inokwanisa kugadzira mupunga unoramba uchipepereswa.
Mavharuvhu ekutanga ekuchengetedza aive developed muzana remakore rechi17 kubva zvinyorwa nemugadziri wechiFrench Denis Papin.
Kudzokera kumazuva iwayo, mavharuvhu ekuchengetedza aishandiswa nelever uye a counterbalance uremu (zvichiripo nhasi) kunyange, munguva dzazvino, the kushandisa chitubu panzvimbo yehuremu yave yakakurumbira uye inoshanda.
Chii chinonzi valve yekuchengetedza?
Chinangwa chikuru chekuchengetedza mavharuvhu ndechekudzivirira hupenyu hwevanhu nekudzivirira chero system, inoshanda pane imwe kumanikidzwa, kubva pakuputika.
Ichi ndicho chikonzero zvakakosha kuvimbisa kuti mavharuvhu ekuchengetedza anogara achishanda, sezvo ari ekupedzisira midziyo mumutsara wakareba unogona kudzivirira kuputika.
Iyi mifananidzo inotevera inoratidza mhedzisiro inoparadza yehukuru husina kunaka, yakaiswa kana kugara yakachengetedzwa vharafu yekuchengetedza:
kuchengetedza valve basa
Ivhavhavha yekuchengetedza inoshandiswa kupi?
Kwese kupi iyo yakanyanya kushandiswa kudzvinyirira njodzi dzinofanira kudarika, mavharuvhu ekuchengetedza anofanira kuiswa. A system inogona kupinda overpressure nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakawanda.
Zvikonzero zvikuru zvine chekuita ne kukwira kwekushisa kusingadzoreki, zvichikonzera expansipamusoro pemvura nemhedzisiro yekuwedzera kwekumanikidza, senge moto uri muhurongwa kana kusashanda zvakanaka kweinotonhodza system.
Chimwe chikonzero, icho chivharo chekuchengetedza chinorovera mukati, ndeye kukanganisa yemhepo yakamanikidzwa kana simba rekupa, kudzivirira kuverenga kwakaringana kwema sensors pane control instrumentation.
Yakakosha zvakare nguva dzekutanga apo kutanga hurongwa kekutanga, kana kuti yambomiraped kwenguva yakareba.
Ivhavhavha yekuchengetedza inoshanda sei?
- Dzvinyiriro inoshandiswa nemvura iri mukati memuviri wevharuvhu inobata pamusoro pe disc, ichigadzira simba F.
- Apo F reacisimba rakafanana sesimba rechitubu (chitubu chakaiswa mukati mevharuvhu uye chakambogadziridzwa nekutsikirirwa kune kukosha kwakafanotemerwa), plug inotanga kusimudza kubva munzvimbo yekuvharisa yechigaro uye process fluid inotanga kuyerera (izvi hazvisi, zvisinei, iyo yakawanda yekuyerera kwevhavha).
- Panguva ino, kazhinji, kukwira kwepamusoro kunoramba kuchiwedzera, zvichikonzera, nekuwedzera kwe10% (inonzi overpressure) kana ichienzaniswa nekugadzirisa kwakaiswa, kusimudza kamwe kamwe uye kwakakwana kwevhavha disc, iyo inobudisa process pakati nepakati nepakati pevharuvhu padiki pamuchinjikwa-chikamu.
- Kana simba revhavha yekudzivirira rakaenzana nehuwandu hwekuyerera hunofanira kubudiswa, kumanikidzwa mukati memichina yakachengetedzwa kunoramba kuripo. Zvikasadaro, kana simba revhavhavha yekudzivirira rakakwirira kudarika chiyero chekuyerera chinofanira kubudiswa, kumanikidzwa mukati memichina kunowedzera kuderera. Muchiitiko ichi, diski, iyo iyo simba remvura rinoramba richiita, rinotanga kuderedza kusimudza kwayo (kureva kureba pakati pechigaro ne disc) kusvikira chikamu chevhavhavha ichivhara (kazhinji kuderera - kunonzi blowdown - yakaenzana 10% yakaderera pane iyo set pressure) uye iyo process mvura inomira kubuda.
Ndeapi marudzi emavharuvhu ekuchengetedza aripo?
Muchirevo che midziyo yekuyamura kumanikidza (acronym PRD), musiyano wakakosha unogona kuitwa pakati pemidziyo iyo kuvhara zvakare uye izvo izvo usavhara zvakare mushure mekuvhiyiwa kwavo. Muboka rekutanga tine rupture discs uye pini inoshandiswa michina. Mukupesana, boka rechipiri rakakamurwa kuva kunanga-kutakura uye midziyo inodzorwa. Mavharuvhu ekuchengetedza chikamu chemidziyo inovhara zvakare mushure mekushanda kwayo kwaitwa nechitubu chimwe kana anopfuura.
Mukuwedzera, kumwe kusiyanisa kunogona kuitwa maererano nekushanda kwevhavha. Sezvatinoona kubva pamufananidzo, pane full lift mavharuvhu ekuchengetedza uye zvinoenderana mavharuvhu ekuchengetedza, anonziwo mavharuvhu okuyamura.
vharafu vharafu vs yekuyamura vharafu
Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pemavharuvhu ekuchengetedza uye mavharuvhu ekuyamura?
Pressure chengetedzo mavharuvhu (acronym PSV) uye mabheji ekudzivirira (acronym PRV) vanowanzovhiringidzika nekuti vane chimiro chakafanana uye kuita. Muchokwadi, mavharuvhu ese ari maviri anongoburitsa mvura kana kudzvanywa kwapfuura kukosha kwakaiswa. Misiyano yavo inowanzofuratirwa, sezvavari zvinoshandurwa mune mamwe masisitimu ekugadzira. Musiyano mukuru hausi muchinangwa chavo, asi murudzi rwekushanda. To understand musiyano pakati pezviviri izvi, tinoda kupinda mune tsananguro dzakapihwa neASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) Boiler & Pressure Vessel kana BPVC.
The vharuvhu yekuchengetedza is a automatic pressure control device inofambiswa ne static pressure yefluid iri kumusoro kwevharuvhu, inoshandiswa kuita gasi kana mhepo yekushandisa, ine “kusimudza zvizere" chiito.
The vharuvhu yekubatsira (inozivikanwawo se'vhavha yekufashukira') chishandiso cheotomatiki chinomisikidzwa neiyo static pressure kumusoro kwevhavha. It inovhura zvakaenzana kana dzvinyiriro inopfuura simba rekuvhura, rinonyanya kushandiswa pakushandisa mvura.
Hunhu pamusoro pehuwandu
Zvishandiso zvekuchengetedza mavharuvhu
Mavharuvhu ekuchengetedza ane kuenzanisa / kudzivirira mabhero
Mabhero muvharuvhu yekuchengetedza ane zvinotevera mabasa:
1) kuenzanisa mabhero: inovimbisa kushanda kwakakodzera kwevhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavhavharwe,kanzura kana kudzikisira migumisiro ye backpressure, iyo inogona kuiswa kana kuvakwa-up,kukosha mukati memiganhu yakatarwa yevhavha.
2) kudzivirira kunovhuvhuta: inodzivirira spindle, spindle gidhi uye yese yevhavhavhavha yekumusoro yekumusoro (inosanganisirwa chitubu) kubva pakubata ne process fluid, kuve nechokwadi chekuti zvikamu zvese zvinofamba zvakaperera uye kubatsira kudzivirira kukuvara nekuda kwecristallization kana polymerisation, corrosion kana abrasion yemukati mezvikamu, izvo zvinogona kukanganisa kushanda kwevhavhavha yekuchengetedza.
Kuchengetedza vharafu midziyoped ine pneumatic actuator
Iyo pneumatic actuator inobvumira iyo yakazara disc kusimudza, kure kure inodzorwa uye yakazvimirira kubva kune kushanda kumanikidza kweiyo process Urume.
Kuchengetedza vharafu midziyoped ine disc blocking device
Besa inogona kushongedza mavharuvhu ayo ekuchengetedza ne "test gag", iyo inosanganisira screws mbiri, imwe tsvuku uye imwe yegirini. Iyo dzvuku screw, iyo yakareba kupfuura iyo yakasvibirira, inovhara kusimudzwa kwe disc, ichidzivirira vharafu kubva pakuvhurwa.
Kuchengetedza vharafu midziyoped ine pneumatic valve equipped ine chiratidzo chekusimudza
Iyo yekusimudza chiratidzo basa ndeyekuona iyo disc inosimudza, kureva kuvhurwa kwevharuvhu.
Kuchengetedza vharafu midziyoped ine vibrations stabilizer
Iyo vibration stabilizer inoderedza kusvika kudiki oscillations uye vibrations izvo zvinogona kuitika panguva yekununura chikamu, zvichiita kuti valve ishande zvisina kunaka.
Resilient chisimbiso chekuchengetedza mavharuvhu
Kuti uwane chisimbiso chiri nani pakati pe disc uye zvigaro zvechigaro, zvinokwanisika kugadzirira valve nechisimbiso chinogadzirisa. Iyi mhinduro inoitwa mushure mekuongororwa kweDhipatimendi reTekinoroji uye kufunga nezvemaekisesaizi mamiriro: kumanikidza, tembiricha, hunhu uye chimiro chemuviri process pakati.
resilient seal inowanikwa nezvinhu zvinotevera: viton ®, NBR, neoprene ®, Kalrez ®, Kaflon™, EPDM, PTFE, PEEK™
Mavharuvhu ekuchengetedza ane bhachi rekudziya
Kana iri yakanyanya viscous, inonamira kana inogona kuita crystallising media, vharafu yekudzivirira inogona kupihwa nejasi rekudziya, inova simbi isina tsvina yakasungirirwa pamutumbi wevharuvhu, yakazadzwa nemvura inopisa (steam, mvura inopisa, nezvimwewo) kuitira kuti guarantee the process media flowability kuburikidza nevharuvhu.
Stellited seal surfaces
Kuti uwane kunaka kuri nani uye kupfeka kuramba kwe disc uye chigaro chisimbiso nzvimbo, pakukumbira kana mushure meTech. Dhipatimendi rekuongorora, mavharuvhu ekuchengetedza anopihwa disc uye chigaro chine stellited sealing surfaces. Iyi mhinduro inokurudzirwa kana paine kudzvinyirira kwakanyanya uye tembiricha kukosha, abrasive media, media ine zvikamu zvakasimba, cavitation.
Kusanganiswa kushandiswa kwemavhavhavha ekuchengetedza uye rupture disc
Besa® mavharuvhu ekuchengetedza dzakakodzera kuiswa pamwe chete ne kuputika discs yakarongeka kumusoro kana kuzasi kwevharuvhu. Rupture discs inoshandiswa mumashandisirwo akadaro inofanira kuvimbiswa kusaparadzana, kubva pakuona kwemaitiro. Kune simba remvura, kune rumwe rutivi, chero dhisiki rekutsemuka riri kumusoro kwevhavha rinofanira kuiswa nenzira yekuti:
- rupture disc inoyerera madhayamita ihombe kupfuura kana yakaenzana nevharuvhu yekudzivirira yezita rekupinza dhayamita
- kudonha kwese kudonha (kunoverengerwa kubva kune zita rekuyerera simba rakapetwa ne 1.15) kubva kune yakadzivirirwa tangi inlet kuvhavha inlet flange isingasviki 3% yevhavha yekudzivirira inobudirira set pressure. Nzvimbo iri pakati pe disc rupture nevhavha inofanira kuiswa kune 1/4 "pombi nenzira yakadai seyokuti mhepo yemhepo yakanyatsochengetedzwa zvakanaka uye yakachengeteka. Kuti uwane saizi chaiyo yemadhisiki maererano neiyo fluid dynamics, iyo factor Fd (EN ISO 4126-3 Mapeji 12. 13) inofanirwa kuverengerwa, uye inogona kutorwa se 0. 9.
Kushandiswa kwe rupture disc kumusoro kwevhavhavhavha inogona kukurudzirwa kune zvinotevera:
- kana uchishanda nehukasha midhiya, kupatsanura divi rekupinza remuviri wevharuvhu kubva mukuenderera mberi nekusangana process mvura, kudzivisa kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvinodhura;
- kana chisimbiso chesimbi chapihwa, kudzivirira netsaona kuvuza kwemvura pakati pechigaro/dhisiki nzvimbo.
Certification uye kubvumidzwa
Besa® mavharuvhu ekuchengetedza dzakagadzirwa, dzakagadzirwa uye dzakasarudzwa maererano ne European Directives 2014/68/EU (Mutsva PED), 2014/34 / EU (ATEX) uye API 520 526 uye 527. Besa® zvigadzirwa zvinobvumidzwawo ne RINA® (Besa inozivikanwa semugadziri) uye DNV GL®.
Pakukumbira Besa inopa rubatsiro rwakakwana kune kuita bvunzo nemiviri mikuru.
Pano pazasi iwe unogona kuwana yedu huru certification yakawanikwa kune ekuchengetedza mavharuvhu.
Besa mavharuvhu ekuchengetedza ari CE PED Vimbiso
The PED kuraira kunopa kumakirwo emidziyo yekumanikidza uye zvese uko iyo yakanyanya kubvumidzwa kudzvanywa (PS) yakakura kupfuura 0.5 bar. Ichi midziyo inofanira hukuru maererano ne:
- minda yekushandiswa (kumanikidza, tembiricha)
- marudzi emvura inoshandiswa (mvura, gasi, mahydrocarbon, nezvimwewo)
- saizi/pressure reshiyo inodiwa pachishandiswa
Chinangwa cheDirective 97/23/EC ndechekubatanidza mitemo yese yenyika dziri muEuropean Community pamidziyo yekumanikidza. Kunyanya, maitiro ekugadzira, kugadzira, kutonga, kuyedzwa uye ndima yekushandisa inodzorwa. Izvi zvinobvumira kutenderera kwemahara kwemidziyo yekumanikidza uye accessories.
Iyo dhairekitori inoda kuteedzera kwakakosha kuchengetedza zvinodiwa izvo mugadziri anofanira kuenderana nezvigadzirwa uye kugadzirwa process. Mugadziri anosungirwa kufungidzira uye kuderedza njodzi dzechigadzirwa chakaiswa pamusika.
kutaura kuti ichokwadi process
Sangano rinoita ongororo uye kutonga zvichibva pamazinga akasiyana ekutarisa masisitimu emhando yekambani. Zvadaro, the PED sangano rinoburitsa CE zvitupa zve each mhando uye modhi yechigadzirwa uye, kana zvichidikanwa, zvakare yekusimbisa kwekupedzisira isati yatumirwa.
The PED sangano rinoenderera mberi ne:
- Sarudzo yemamodheru echitupa / kunyora
- Kuongororwa kweiyo tekinoroji faira uye dhizaini zvinyorwa
- Tsanangudzo yekuongorora nemugadziri
- Kusimbiswa kwezvidzoro izvi mubasa
- Mutumbi unozopa CE chitupa uye label yechigadzirwa chakagadzirwa
Besa mavharuvhu ekuchengetedza ari CE ATEX Vimbiso
ATEX - Zvishandiso zvemhepo inogona kuputika (94/9/EC).
"Directive 94/9/EC, inozivikanwa zviri nani neacronym ATEX, yakaitwa muItari nePresidential Decree 126 ye23 Kurume 1998 uye inoshanda kune zvigadzirwa zvakagadzirirwa kushandiswa munzvimbo dzinogona kuputika. Nekupinda musimba kwe ATEX Directive, iyo standma ards aimboshanda akabviswa uye kubva 1 Chikunguru 2003 zvinorambidzwa kutengesa zvigadzirwa zvisingaenderane nezvitsva.
Directive 94/9/EC inzira itsva 'inoda kubvumidza kufamba kwemahara kwezvinhu mukati meNharaunda. Izvi zvinowanikwa nekuwiriranisa kuchengetedzwa kwemutemo zvinodiwa, kutevedzera nzira ine njodzi. Inotarisirawo kubvisa kana, zvishoma, kuderedza njodzi dzinokonzerwa nekushandiswa kwezvimwe zvigadzirwa mukati kana maererano nemhepo inogona kuputika. Izvi
zvinoreva kuti mukana wemhepo inoputika inomuka haifanirwe kutariswa kwete chete pane "imwe-off" hwaro uye kubva padanho rekuona, asi ese ekushanda mamiriro anogona kubuda kubva process inofanirawo kuverengerwa.
Iyo Directive inovhara zvishandiso, ingave zvega kana zvakasanganiswa, zvakagadzirirwa kuisirwa mu "zone" dzinonzi dzine njodzi; masisitimu ekudzivirira anoshanda kumisa kana kuve nekuputika; zvikamu uye zvikamu zvakakosha pakushanda kwemidziyo kana masisitimu ekudzivirira; uye kudzora uye kugadzirisa midziyo yekuchengetedza inobatsira kana inodiwa kune yakachengeteka uye yakavimbika kushanda kwemidziyo kana yekudzivirira masisitimu.
Pakati pezvinhu zvitsva zveDirective, iyo inovhara njodzi dzese dzekuputika kwechero mhando (yemagetsi uye isiri yemagetsi), zvinotevera zvinofanirwa kusimbiswa:
- Kuunzwa kwehutano hwakakosha uye kuchengetedza zvinodiwa.
- Iko kushanda kune zvese zvicherwa uye zvepasi zvinhu.
- Kurongeka kwemidziyo muzvikamu zvinoenderana nerudzi rwedziviriro yakapihwa.
- Kutarisirwa kwekugadzira kunoenderana nemaitiro ekambani masisitimu.
Directive 94/9/EC inoisa michina mumapoka maviri makuru:
- Boka 1 (Chikamu M1 uye M2): zvishandiso uye masisitimu ekudzivirira anoitirwa kushandiswa mumigodhi
- Boka 2 (Chikamu 1,2,3): Zvishandiso uye masisitimu ekudzivirira anoitirwa kushandiswa pamusoro. (85% yekugadzirwa kwemaindasitiri)
Kurongeka kwenzvimbo yekuisa yemidziyo ichave basa remushandisi wekupedzisira; saka zvinoenderana nenzvimbo yenjodzi yemutengi (semuenzaniso zone 21 kana zone 1) mugadziri achafanirwa kupa michina yakakodzera iyo zone.
Besa mavharuvhu ekuchengetedza ari RINA Vimbiso
RINA yanga ichishanda sesangano repasi rose rinopa zvitupa kubvira 1989, sechikonzero chakananga chekuzvipira kwayo kwenhoroondo kuchengetedza kuchengetedzwa kwehupenyu hwevanhu mugungwa, kuchengetedza midziyo nekuchengetedza marine nharaunda, mukufarira nharaunda, sezvakarongwa muChitemo chayo, uye kuendesa ruzivo rwayo, yakawanikwa kweanopfuura makore zana, kune mamwe minda. Sesangano repasi rese retifiketi, rakazvipira kuchengetedza hupenyu hwevanhu, midziyo uye zvakatipoteredza, mukufarira nharaunda, uye kushandisa mazana emakore eruzivo kune mamwe minda.
Eurasian Conformity chiratidzo
The Eurasian Conformity maka (EAC, ChiRussian: Евразийское соответствие (ЕАС)) chiratidzo chetifiketi kuratidza zvigadzirwa zvinoenderana nemirairo yese yehunyanzvi yeEurasian Customs Union. Zvinoreva kuti EAC-akamaka zvigadzirwa zvinosangana zvese zvinodiwa zveino enderana tekinoroji mirau uye vakapfuura ese conformity assessment maitiro.
Besa mavharuvhu ekuchengetedza minda mikuru yekushandisa
Sezvo 1946
Kumunda newe
BESA yave inogadzira mavharuvhu ekuchengetedza kwemakore mazhinji, kune akasiyana siyana ekuisa, uye ruzivo rwedu runopa yakanakisa vimbiso. Tinonyatsodzidza each system panguva yechikamu chekotesheni, pamwe chete nezvimwe zvakakosha zvinodiwa kana zvikumbiro, kudzamara tawana iyo yakakwana mhinduro uye yakanyatsokodzera valve yekuisa kwako.
