ʻO ka viscosity o ka wai ke ana o kona kū'ē i ke kahe.
He waiwai ia o ka wai e hoʻoholo ai i ka nui o ka ikaika e pono ai e hoʻoneʻe. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka viscosity, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka neʻe ʻana i ka wai.
Hoʻopili ʻia ka viscosity o ka wai e kona wela. ʻO ka mahanahana o ka wai, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o kona viscosity. ʻO ke anuanu o ka wai, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kona viscosity.
Hoʻopili pū ʻia ka viscosity o ka wai e kona kaomi. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kaomi, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka viscosity o ka wai.
Hiki ke ana i ka viscosity o ka wai me ka viscometer. ʻO ka viscometer kahi mea hana e ana i ke kūʻē o kahi wai e kahe. He waiwai koʻikoʻi ka viscosity o ka wai i nā noi he nui. No ka laʻana, hiki ke hoʻohana i ka viscosity o kahi wai e hoʻoholo i ka nui o ka ikaika e hoʻoneʻe ai ma o ka paipu.
ʻO ka viscosity ma ka physics kekahi o nā waiwai o ka mea e hui ai ka neʻe ʻana o nā molekala e pili ana i nā molekala a puni, ma muli o nā pūʻali intermolecular, he ikaika kūpaʻa: i loko o nā paʻa he kiʻekiʻe loa, akā haʻahaʻa loa i nā wai a me nā kinoea. Inā mākou e hoʻokomo i kahi kino ʻē i loko o ka wai e noʻonoʻo ʻia nei, e loaʻa iā ia kahi kū'ē i ʻokoʻa kona ikaika ma muli o ke degere o ka viscosity o ka wai.
ʻO ka molasses, no ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka viscosity ma mua o ka wai no ka mea ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ke kahe.
Nui nā ʻano hana e ana i ka viscosity o ka wai, ʻo ka maʻalahi a pololei loa ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i kahi pōʻai o kekahi anawaena i loko o kahi pahu aniani i loko o ka wai e hoʻāʻo nei ka viscosity e hoʻoholo.
NĀ MEA: kapa ʻia ka pānaʻi o ka viscosity he fluidity, kahi ana o ka maʻalahi.
He mea koʻikoʻi ka viscosity i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā ikaika e lanakila ai ke hoʻohana ʻia nā wai no ka lubrication a lawe ʻia i loko o nā paipu. No laila, he mea nui ia iā mākou e lalostand he aha ke ʻano o ka wai BesaE hana pū ana ka valve ®, no ka mea, ʻo ke kuʻi ʻana ma waena o nā paia o ka paipu a me ka wai e kahe ana ma ia mea e pili ana i ka hana hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka pahu.
Mālama ia i ke kahe wai i loko processnā mea e like me ke kāpīpī ʻana, ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ka uhi ʻana o ka ʻili.
ʻO ka viscosity ikaika
E noʻonoʻo kākou i ʻelua mokulele, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kahi wai (ka hoʻomalu ʻia ka wela) a me ka like each kekahi, hoʻokahi paʻa a kau ʻia kekahi i ka ikaika e hoʻokuke/huki ana iā ia e like me ka mokulele ʻē aʻe.
Ma muli o ka wai a mākou e hoʻohana ai e hoʻokaʻawale i nā mokulele ʻelua, a me ka hoʻohana mau ʻana i ka ikaika like e hoʻoneʻe ai i kekahi o nā mokulele ʻelua, e ʻike mākou he ʻokoʻa ka wikiwiki o ka mokulele ma muli o ka wai a mākou i koho ai.
Generalizing loaʻa iā mākou:
A (m^2)= wahi o na mokulele like
y (m)= ka mamao ma waena o nā mokulele ʻelua
F (N)= ikaika i pili i ka mokulele e neʻe ana
u (m/s^2)= ka wikiwiki o ka mokulele e neʻe ana
τ = ikaika pili
E pili ana ka ikaika tangential i ka mamao ma waena o nā mokulele ʻelua a pili pono i ka wikiwiki.
ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo velocity e paʻakikī i nā mea, no ka mea, ʻo ka theoretically wale nō ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka laina laina.
Unite o ke ana
Ma ka ʻōnaehana honua ua ana ʻia ka viscosity ma pascals (Pa s) i like me ka poiseuille (PI), i kekahi manawa no ka aila lubricating hoʻohana pū ʻia ka ʻōnaehana CGS, ʻo ia hoʻi ke centipoise (cP)
1 Pa s = 1 PI
1 cP = 1 mPI
Kinematic Viscosity: 1 cSt (centiStokes) = 10-6 m2/s
Liquid | Mahana (ºF) | Mahana (ºC) | Kinematic Viscosity CentiStokes (cSt) | Kinematic Viscosity Kekona Saybolt Universal (SSU) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acetaldehyde CH3CHO | 61 | 16.1 | 0.305 | 36 |
Acetaldehyde CH3CHO | 68 | 20 | 0.295 | |
Acetic acid - vīnega - 10% CH3COOH | 59 | 15 | 1.35 | 31.7 |
Acetic acid - 50% | 59 | 15 | 2.27 | 33 |
Acetic acid - 80% | 59 | 15 | 2.85 | 35 |
Acetic acid - ka hau hau | 59 | 15 | 1.34 | 31.7 |
Acetic acid anhydride (CH3COO)2O | 59 | 15 | 0.88 | |
Acetone CH3COCH3 | 68 | 20 | 0.41 | |
Waiʻona - allyl | 68 | 20 | 1.60 | 31.8 |
Waiʻona - allyl | 104 | 40 | 0.90 pahu leo | |
Waiʻona - butyl-n | 68 | 20 | 3.64 | 38 |
Waiʻona - ethyl (palaoa) C2H5OH | 68 | 20 | 1.52 | 31.7 |
Waiʻona - ethyl (palaoa) C2H5OH | 100 | 37.8 | 1.2 | 31.5 |
Waiʻona - methyl (lāʻau) CH3OH | 59 | 15 | 0.74 | |
Waiʻona - methyl (lāʻau) CH3OH | 32 | 0 | 1.04 | |
Waiʻona - propyl | 68 | 20 | 2.8 | 35 |
Waiʻona - propyl | 122 | 50 | 1.4 | 31.7 |
Aluminum sulfate - 36% solution | 68 | 20 | 1.41 | 31.7 |
Amona | 0 | -17.8 | 0.30 | |
aniline | 68 | 20 | 4.37 | 40 |
aniline | 50 | 10 | 6.4 | 46.4 |
Asphalt RC-0, MC-0, SC-0 | 77 | 25 | 159-324 | 737-1.5M |
Asphalt RC-0, MC-0, SC-0 | 100 | 37.8 | 60-108 | 280-500 |
ʻAila pahu pahu ʻakomi | 0 | -17.8 | 1295-max | 6M-nui |
SAE 10W | ||||
ʻAila pahu pahu ʻakomi | 0 | -17.8 | 1295-2590 | 6M-12M |
SAE 10W | ||||
ʻAila pahu pahu ʻakomi | 0 | -17.8 | 2590-10350 | 12M-48M |
SAE 20W | ||||
ʻAila pahu pahu ʻakomi | 210 | 98.9 | 5.7-9.6 | 45-58 |
SAE 20 | ||||
ʻAila pahu pahu ʻakomi | 210 | 98.9 | 9.6-12.9 | 58-70 |
SAE 30 | ||||
ʻAila pahu pahu ʻakomi | 210 | 98.9 | 12.9-16.8 | 70-85 |
SAE 40 | ||||
ʻAila pahu pahu ʻakomi | 210 | 98.9 | 16.8-22.7 | 85-110 |
SAE 50 | ||||
ʻaila ʻaila kaʻa | 210 | 98.9 | 4.2 min | 40 min |
SAE 75W | ||||
ʻaila ʻaila kaʻa | 210 | 98.9 | 7.0 min | 49 min |
SAE 80W | ||||
ʻaila ʻaila kaʻa | 210 | 98.9 | 11.0 min | 63 min |
SAE 85W | ||||
ʻaila ʻaila kaʻa | 210 | 98.9 | 14-25 | 74-120 |
SAE 90W | ||||
ʻaila ʻaila kaʻa | 210 | 98.9 | 25-43 | 120-200 |
SAE 140 | ||||
ʻaila ʻaila kaʻa | 210 | 98.9 | 43 - min | 200 min |
SAE150 | ||||
Beer | 68 | 20 | 1.8 | 32 |
Benzene (Benzol) C6H6 | 32 | 0 | 1.0 | 31 |
Benzene (Benzol) C6H6 | 68 | 20 | 0.74 | |
ʻAila iwi | 130 | 54.4 | 47.5 | 220 |
ʻAila iwi | 212 | 100 | 11.6 | 65 |
Bromine | 68 | 20 | 0.34 | |
Butane-n | -50 | -1.1 | 0.52 | |
Butane-n | 30 | 0.35 | ||
ʻAka Butyric n | 68 | 20 | 1.61 | 31.6 |
ʻAka Butyric n | 32 | 0 | 2.3 pahu leo | |
Kalsium klorida 5% | 65 | 18.3 | 1156 | |
Kalsium klorida 25% | 60 | 15.6 | 4.0 | 39 |
ʻAakika Carbolic (phenol) | 65 | 18.3 | 11.83 | 65 |
ʻAakika Carbolic (phenol) | 194 | 90 | 1.26 pahu leo | |
Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 | 68 | 20 | 0.612 | |
Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 | 100 | 37.8 | 0.53 | |
Kalapona disulfide CS2 | 32 | 0 | 0.33 | |
Kalapona disulfide CS2 | 68 | 20 | 0.298 | |
ʻAilā Castor | 100 | 37.8 | 259-325 | 1200-1500 |
ʻAilā Castor | 130 | 54.4 | 98-130 | 450-600 |
ʻAila lāʻau Kina | 69 | 20.6 | 308.5 | 1425 |
ʻAila lāʻau Kina | 100 | 37.8 | 125.5 | 580 |
Chloroform | 68 | 20 | 0.38 | |
Chloroform | 140 | 60 | 0.35 | |
ʻO ka hinu | 100 | 37.8 | 29.8-31.6 | 140-148 |
ʻO ka hinu | 130 | 54.4 | 14.7-15.7 | 76-80 |
ʻAila Cod (ʻaila iʻa) | 100 | 37.8 | 32.1 | 150 |
ʻAila Cod (ʻaila iʻa) | 130 | 54.4 | 19.4 | 95 |
ʻO kaʻaila kulina | 130 | 54.4 | 28.7 | 135 |
ʻO kaʻaila kulina | 212 | 100 | 8.6 | 54 |
ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka mākū kulina | 70 | 21.1 | 32.1 | 150 |
22 Baume | 100 | 37.8 | 27.5 | 130 |
ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka mākū kulina | 70 | 21.1 | 129.8 | 600 |
24 Baume | 100 | 37.8 | 95.2 | 440 |
ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka mākū kulina | 70 | 21.1 | 303 | 1400 |
25 Baume | 100 | 37.8 | 173.2 | 800 |
ʻAila hua pulupulu | 100 | 37.8 | 37.9 | 176 |
ʻAila hua pulupulu | 130 | 54.4 | 20.6 | 100 |
ʻAila ʻaila 48º API | 60 | 15.6 | 3.8 | 39 |
ʻAila ʻaila 48º API | 130 | 54.4 | 1.6 | 31.8 |
ʻAila ʻaila 40º API | 60 | 15.6 | 9.7 | 55.7 |
ʻAila ʻaila 40º API | 130 | 54.4 | 3.5 | 38 |
ʻAila ʻaila 35.6º API | 60 | 15.6 | 17.8 | 88.4 |
ʻAila ʻaila 35.6º API | 130 | 54.4 | 4.9 | 42.3 |
ʻAila ʻaila 32.6º API | 60 | 15.6 | 23.2 | 110 |
ʻAila ʻaila 32.6º API | 130 | 54.4 | 7.1 | 46.8 |
Decane-n | 0 | 17.8 | 2.36 | 34 |
Decane-n | 100 | 37.8 | 1001 | 31 |
ʻO Diethyl glycol | 70 | 21.1 | 32 | 149.7 |
ʻO Diethyl ether | 68 | 20 | 0.32 | |
wahie Diesel 20 | 100 | 37.8 | 44714 | 32.6-45.5 |
wahie Diesel 20 | 130 | 54.4 | 1.-3.97 | -39 |
wahie Diesel 30 | 100 | 37.8 | 6-11.75 | 45.5-65 |
wahie Diesel 30 | 130 | 54.4 | 3.97-6.78 | 39-48 |
wahie Diesel 40 | 100 | 37.8 | 29.8 max | 140 max |
wahie Diesel 40 | 130 | 54.4 | 13.1 max | 70 max |
wahie Diesel 60 | 122 | 50 | 86.6 max | 400 max |
wahie Diesel 60 | 160 | 71.1 | 35.2 max | 165 max |
Ethyl acetate CH3COOC2H3 | 59 | 15 | 0.4 | |
Ethyl acetate CH3COOC2H3 | 68 | 20 | 0.49 | |
Ethyl bromide C2H5Br | 68 | 20 | 0.27 | |
Ethylene bromide | 68 | 20 | 0.787 | |
Ethylene chloride | 68 | 20 | 0.668 | |
ʻO Ethylene glycol | 70 | 21.1 | 17.8 | 88.4 |
ʻAka Formic 10% | 68 | 20 | 1.04 | 31 |
ʻAka Formic 50% | 68 | 20 | 1.2 | 31.5 |
ʻAka Formic 80% | 68 | 20 | 1.4 | 31.7 |
Formic acid concentrated | 68 | 20 | 1.48 | 31.7 |
Formic acid concentrated | 77 | 25 | 1.57cp | |
Freon -11 | 70 | 21.1 | 0.21 | |
Freon -12 | 70 | 21.1 | 0.27 | |
Freon -21 | 70 | 21.1 | 1.45 | |
furaldehyde | 68 | 20 | 1.45 | 31.7 |
furaldehyde | 77 | 25 | 1.49cp | |
ʻaila hinu 1 | 70 | 21.1 | 2.39-4.28 | 34-40 |
ʻaila hinu 1 | 100 | 37.8 | -2.69 | 32-35 |
ʻaila hinu 2 | 70 | 21.1 | 3.0-7.4 | 36-50 |
ʻaila hinu 2 | 100 | 37.8 | 2.11-4.28 | 33-40 |
ʻaila hinu 3 | 70 | 21.1 | 2.69-5.84 | 35-45 |
ʻaila hinu 3 | 100 | 37.8 | 2.06-3.97 | 32.8-39 |
ʻaila hinu 5A | 70 | 21.1 | 7.4-26.4 | 50-125 |
ʻaila hinu 5A | 100 | 37.8 | 4.91-13.7 | 42-72 |
ʻaila hinu 5B | 70 | 21.1 | 26.4- | 125- |
ʻaila hinu 5B | 100 | 37.8 | 13.6-67.1 | 72-310 |
ʻaila hinu 6 | 122 | 50 | 97.4-660 | 450-3M |
ʻaila hinu 6 | 160 | 71.1 | 37.5-172 | 175-780 |
ʻAila kinoea | 70 | 21.1 | 13.9 | 73 |
ʻAila kinoea | 100 | 37.8 | 7.4 | 50 |
Gasolina a | 60 | 15.6 | 0.88 | |
Gasolina a | 100 | 37.8 | 0.71 | |
ʻAila b | 60 | 15.6 | 0.64 | |
ʻAila b | 100 | 37.8 | ||
ʻAila c | 60 | 15.6 | 0.46 | |
ʻAila c | 100 | 37.8 | 0.40 | |
Glycerin 100% | 68.6 | 20.3 | 648 | 2950 |
Glycerin 100% | 100 | 37.8 | 176 | 813 |
ʻO Glycerin 50% wai | 68 | 20 | 5.29 | 43 |
ʻO Glycerin 50% wai | 140 | 60 | 1.85 pahu leo | |
Glucose | 100 | 37.8 | 7.7M-22M | 35M-100M |
Glucose | 150 | 65.6 | 880-2420 | 4M-11M |
Heptana-n | 0 | -17.8 | 0.928 | |
Heptana-n | 100 | 37.8 | 0.511 | |
Hexane-n | 0 | -17.8 | 0.683 | |
Hexane-n | 100 | 37.8 | 0.401 | |
Honey | 100 | 37.8 | 73.6 | 349 |
Inika, paʻi | 100 | 37.8 | 550-2200 | 2500-10M |
Inika, paʻi | 130 | 54.4 | 238-660 | 1100-3M |
ʻAila hoʻokaʻawale | 70 | 21.1 | 24.1 max | 115 max |
ʻAila hoʻokaʻawale | 100 | 37.8 | 11.75 max | 65 max |
ʻO Kerosene | 68 | 20 | 2.71 | 35 |
Wahie wahie | -30. | -34.4 | 7.9 | 52 |
Lard | 100 | 37.8 | 62.1 | 287 |
Lard | 130 | 54.4 | 34.3 | 160 |
ʻAila Lard | 100 | 37.8 | 41-47.5 | 190-220 |
ʻAila Lard | 130 | 54.4 | 23.4-27.1 | 112-128 |
Aila aila | 100 | 37.8 | 30.5 | 143 |
Aila aila | 130 | 54.4 | 18.94 | 93 |
Mercury | 70 | 21.1 | 0.118 | |
Mercury | 100 | 37.8 | 0.11 | |
Methyl acetate | 68 | 20 | 0.44 | |
Methyl acetate | 104 | 40 | 0.32 pahu leo | |
Methyl iodide | 68 | 20 | 0.213 | |
Methyl iodide | 104 | 40 | 0.42 pahu leo | |
ʻaila Menhaden | 100 | 37.8 | 29.8 | 140 |
ʻaila Menhaden | 130 | 54.4 | 18.2 | 90 |
waiu | 68 | 20 | 1.13 | 31.5 |
Molasses A, mua | 100 | 37.8 | 281-5070 | 1300-23500 |
Molasses A, mua | 130 | 54.4 | 151-1760 | 700-8160 |
B, lua | 100 | 37.8 | 1410-13.2M | 6535-61180 |
B, lua | 130 | 54.4 | 660-3.3M | 3058-15294 |
C, ʻeleʻele | 100 | 37.8 | 2630-55M | 12190-255M |
C, ʻeleʻele | 130 | 54.4 | 1320-16.5M | 6120-76.5M |
Napetalene | 176 | 80 | 0.9 | |
Napetalene | 212 | 100 | 0.78 pahu leo | |
ʻO ka ʻaila Neatstool | 100 | 37.8 | 49.7 | 230 |
ʻO ka ʻaila Neatstool | 130 | 54.4 | 27.5 | 130 |
Nitrobenzene | 68 | 20 | 1.67 | 31.8 |
Nonane-n | 0 | -17.8 | 1728 | 32 |
Nonane-n | 100 | 37.8 | 0.807 | |
Octane-n | 0 | -17.8 | 1266 | 31.7 |
Octane-n | 100 | 37.8 | 0.645 | |
ʻO ka hinuʻaila | 100 | 37.8 | 43.2 | 200 |
ʻO ka hinuʻaila | 130 | 54.4 | 24.1 | |
ʻAila pāma | 100 | 37.8 | 47.8 | |
ʻAila pāma | 130 | 54.4 | 26.4 | |
ʻO kaʻaila Peanut | 100 | 37.8 | 42 | 200 |
ʻO kaʻaila Peanut | 130 | 54.4 | 23.4 | |
Pentane-n | 0 | 17.8 | 0.508 | |
Pentane-n | 80 | 26.7 | 0.342 | |
petrolatum | 130 | 54.4 | 20.5 | 100 |
petrolatum | 160 | 71.1 | 15 | 77 |
ʻAla ʻaila | 60 | 15.6 | 31 | 1.1 |
ʻAkika propionic | 32 | 0 | 1.52 pahu leo | 31.5 |
ʻAkika propionic | 68 | 20 | 1.13 | |
ʻO Propylene glycol | 70 | 21.1 | 52 | 241 |
ʻAila kinai | 100-120 | 20.5-25 | ||
ʻO ka aila Rapeseed | 100 | 37.8 | 54.1 | 250 |
ʻO ka aila Rapeseed | 130 | 54.4 | 31 | 145 |
ʻAila ʻo Rosin | 100 | 37.8 | 324.7 | 1500 |
ʻAila ʻo Rosin | 130 | 54.4 | 129.9 | 600 |
Rosin (lāʻau) | 100 | 37.8 | 216-11M | 1M-50M |
Rosin (lāʻau) | 200 | 93.3 | 108-4400 | 500-20M |
ʻAila hua Sesame | 100 | 37.8 | 39.6 | 184 |
ʻAila hua Sesame | 130 | 54.4 | 23 | 110 |
ʻO ka sodium chloride 5% | 68 | 20 | 1097 | 31.1 |
ʻO ka sodium chloride 25% | 60 | 15.6 | 2.4 | 34 |
ʻO ka Sodium hydroxide (ka paʻakai) 20% | 65 | 18.3 | 4.0 | 39.4 |
ʻO ka Sodium hydroxide (ka paʻakai) 30% | 65 | 18.3 | 10.0 | 58.1 |
ʻO ka Sodium hydroxide (ka paʻakai) 40% | 65 | 18.3 | ||
ʻAila pīni soya | 100 | 37.8 | 35.4 | 165 |
ʻAila pīni soya | 130 | 5.4 | 19.64 | 96 |
ʻO ka ʻaila sperm | 100 | 37.5 | 21-23 | 110 |
ʻO ka ʻaila sperm | 130 | 54.4 | 15.2 | 78 |
ʻAka Sulfuric 100% | 68 | 20 | 14.56 | 76 |
ʻAka Sulfuric 100% | 140 | 60 | 7.2 pahu leo | |
ʻAka Sulfuric 95% | 68 | 20 | 14.5 | 75 |
ʻAka Sulfuric 60% | 68 | 20 | 4.4 | 41 |
ʻAka Sulfuric 20% | 3M-8M | |||
ʻAka Sulfuric 20% | 650-1400 | |||
Tar, umu coke | 70 | 21.1 | 600-1760 | 15M-300M |
Tar, umu coke | 100 | 37.8 | 141-308 | 2M-20M |
Tar, hale kinoea | 70 | 21.1 | 3300-66M | 2500 |
Tar, hale kinoea | 100 | 37.8 | 440-4400 | 500 |
Tar, pine | 100 | 37.8 | 559 | 200-300 |
Tar, pine | 132 | 55.6 | 108.2 | 55-60 |
Toluene | 68 | 20 | 0.68 | 185.7 |
Toluene | 140 | 60 | 0.38 pahu leo | |
Triethylene glycol | 70 | 21.1 | 40 | 400-440 |
Triethylene glycol | 185-205 | |||
Turpentine | 100 | 37.8 | 86.5-95.2 | 1425 |
Turpentine | 130 | 54.4 | 39.9-44.3 | 650 |
Varnish, spar | 68 | 20 | 313 | |
Varnish, spar | 100 | 37.8 | 143 | |
Wai, pulu | 68 | 20 | 10038 | 31 |
Wai, hou | 60 | 15.6 | 1.13 | 31.5 |
Wai, hou | 130 | 54.4 | 0.55 | |
Wai, kai | 1.15 | 31.5 | ||
ʻAila koholā | 100 | 37.8 | 35-39.6 | 163-184 |
ʻAila koholā | 130 | 54.4 | 19.9-23.4 | 97-112 |
Xylene-o | 68 | 20 | 0.93 | |
Xylene-o | 104 | 40 | 0.623 pahu leo |