Yintoni ivalve yokhuseleko?
Ivalve yokhuseleko loxinzelelo (i-acronym PSV) sisixhobo esizisebenzelayo esinendawo yokungena kunye neyokuphuma, esiqhele ukuba yiperpendicular to. each enye (nge-90 °), ekwaziyo ukunciphisa uxinzelelo ngaphakathi kwenkqubo.
Umfanekiso ongasekhohlo umele umzobo owenziwe ngesitayile wevalve yokhuseleko, esetyenziswa njengophawu kwidiagram yobunjineli yeenkqubo ze-thermo-hydraulic.
Iivalvu zokhuseleko zizixhobo zoncedo olungxamisekileyo kulwelo olucinezelekileyo, oluthi ukusebenza ngokuzenzekelayo xa uxinzelelo olubekiweyo lugqithisiwe. Ezi zivalo zilawulwa lilizwe kunye namazwe ngamazwe standI-ARDS. Iivalvu zethu kufuneka zilinganiswe, zivavanywe, zifakwe kunye zigcinwe ngokwemigaqo yangoku nanjengoko kuchaziwe kwiincwadana zethu.
Besa® iivalvu zokhuseleko zisisiphumo samava amaninzi, ukusukela ngo-1946 ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa kwaye ubukhulu becala anelise zonke iimfuno ukhuselo lwesixhobo soxinzelelo lwamva nje. Ziyakwazi ngokugqibeleleyo ukuba zingagqithi kuxinzelelo oluphezulu oluvunyelweyo, nokuba zonke ezinye izixhobo zokhuseleko ezizimeleyo ezifakwe phezulu ziye zasilela.
Amacandelo aphambili evalve yokhuseleko aboniswe kumzobo:
Qaphela kwisicelo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwelever yediski
I-disc lift lever yi-accessory yokuba i-valve yokhuseleko inokuxhobisaped nge, evumela unyuso lwencwadana lwencwadana. Ngokuqhelekileyo, injongo yolu buchule kukubangela - ngexesha lokusebenza kwevalve - ukuphunyuka kwe-valve process ulwelo ukuze coca imiphezulu phakathi kwesitulo kunye nediski, ukujonga nayiphi na "ukuncamathela" kunokwenzeka. Ukuqhuba ngokuphakamisa i-shutter ngesandla, kufuneka kuqhutywe kunye nevalve efakwe ngokuchanekileyo kwinkqubo yokusebenza kunye nobukho bexabiso elithile loxinzelelo, ukuze ukwazi ukuxhamla uxinzelelo olusetyenziswa yi process ulwelo lokunciphisa umzamo womsebenzi wezandla.
Imbali yevalvu yokhuseleko
Kwiminyaka emininzi eyadlulayo, kwizitrato zaseAsiya yamandulo, irayisi evutshiweyo yayisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kusetyenziswa iimbiza ezivaliweyo apho iinkozo zerayisi zazifakwa ngaphakathi kunye namanzi. Ngokujikelezisa imbiza phezu komlilo uxinzelelo olungaphakathi lwanda ngenxa yokuvela komgibeped amanzi. Yakuba ivuthiwe irayisi, imbiza yayisongaped engxoweni yavulwa, ibangela uqhushumbo olulawulekayo. Le yayiyindlela eyingozi kakhulu, kuba ngaphandle kwevalve yokhuseleko, kwakukho umngcipheko wokuba yonke into iqhume ngokungalindelekanga. Obu buchule bathatyathelw’ indawo ubukhulu becala emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II ngoomatshini abanobuchule obungakumbi bokuvelisa irayisi evuthwa ngokuqhubekayo.
Iivalvu zokuqala zokhuseleko zaziyi-developed ngenkulungwane ye-17 ukusuka iiprototypes ngumqambi waseFransi UDenis Papin.
Ukubuyela ngaloo mihla, iivalvu zokhuseleko zisebenza nge-lever kunye ne-a ukulinganisa ubunzima (ezisekho nanamhlanje) nangona, kumaxesha anamhlanje, i ukusetyenziswa kwentwasahlobo endaweni yobunzima iye yathandwa kwaye isebenza kakuhle.
Yenzelwe ntoni ivalve yokhuseleko?
Eyona njongo yezivalo zokhuseleko kukukhusela ubomi babantu ngokuthintela nayiphi na inkqubo, esebenza ngoxinzelelo olunikiweyo, ekuqhumeni.
Yingakho kubalulekile ukuqinisekisa ukuba iivalve zokhuseleko zihlala zisebenza, njengoko ziyizixhobo zokugqibela kuluhlu olude olunokuthintela ukuqhuma.
Le mifanekiso ilandelayo ibonisa iziphumo ezibi zevalve yokhuseleko engalinganiyo, efakwe okanye egcinwe rhoqo:
umsebenzi wevalve yokhuseleko
Isetyenziswa phi ivalve yokhuseleko?
Yonke indawo eyona mingcipheko yoxinzelelo oluphezulu yokusebenza kufuneka igqithwe, iivalvu zokhuseleko kufuneka zifakwe. Inkqubo inokungena kuyo uxinzelelo olugqithisileyo ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi.
Ezona zizathu ziphambili zibandakanya i ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu okungalawulekiyo, ebangela expansiphezu kolwelo ngenxa yokwanda koxinzelelo, okufana nomlilo okwinkqubo okanye ukungasebenzi kakuhle kwenkqubo yokupholisa.
Esinye isizathu, apho ivalve yokhuseleko ikhaba khona, si ukuhluleka yomoya ocinezelweyo okanye unikezelo lwamandla, ukuthintela ukufundwa okuchanekileyo kweenzwa kwisixhobo sokulawula.
Abalulekile nawo amaxesha okuqala xa ukuqala inkqubo okokuqala, okanye emva kokuba imisiweped ixesha elide.
Isebenza njani ivalve yokhuseleko?
- Uxinzelelo olusetyenziswa lulwelo olungaphakathi kumzimba wevalvu lusebenza kumphezulu wediski, luvelisa amandla F.
- Xa uF reacUbukhulu obufanayo namandla entwasahlobo (intwasahlobo ifakwe ngaphakathi kwevalve kwaye yalungiswa ngaphambili ngoxinzelelo kwixabiso elimiselweyo), iplagi iqala ukuphakamisa iphuma kwindawo yokutywina yesihlalo kunye process ulwelo luqala ukuhamba (oku akunjalo, nangona kunjalo, ubuninzi bezinga lokuhamba kwevalve).
- Ngeli xesha, ngokuqhelekileyo, uxinzelelo oluphezulu luqhubeka lukhula, lubangela, ngokunyuka malunga ne-10% (ebizwa ngokuba yi-overpressure) xa kuthelekiswa noxinzelelo olumiselweyo, ukuphakanyiswa ngokukhawuleza kunye nokugqitywa kwe-disc valve, ekhupha process eliphakathi ngokusebenzisa ubuncinci becandelo elinqamlezayo levalvu.
- Xa umthamo wevalve yokhuseleko ulingana nesantya sokuhamba ukukhutshwa, uxinzelelo ngaphakathi kwezixhobo ezikhuselweyo zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zihlala zikhona. Ngaphandle koko, ukuba umthamo we-valve yokhuseleko uphezulu kunezinga lokuhamba eliza kukhutshwa, uxinzelelo ngaphakathi kwesixhobo luvame ukuhla. Kule meko, i-disc, apho i-spring force iyaqhubeka isebenza, iqala ukunciphisa ukuphakama kwayo (okt umgama phakathi kwesihlalo kunye nediski) kude kube icandelo lokuhamba kwevalve livala (ngokubanzi ukuhla - okubizwa ngokuba yi-blowdown - ilingana 10% ngaphantsi koxinzelelo olubekiwe) kunye ne process Ulwelo luyayeka ukuphuma.
Zingaphi iindidi zeevalvu zokhuseleko ezikhoyo?
Kwimeko ye- izixhobo zokunciphisa uxinzelelo (isifinyezo PRD), ulwahlulo olusisiseko lunokwenziwa phakathi kwezixhobo ezinokuthi vala kwakhona kwaye ezo musa ukuvala kwakhona emva kokuhlinzwa kwabo. Kwiqela lokuqala sineediski zokuqhawula kunye nezixhobo ezisebenzayo zephini. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iqela lesibini lahlulwe laba ukulayisha ngqo kwaye izixhobo ezilawulwayo. Iivalvu zokhuseleko ziyinxalenye yezixhobo ezivalayo kwakhona emva kokusebenza kwazo kuqhutywe sisiphethu esinye okanye ngaphezulu.
Ukongezelela, ulwahlulo olongezelelweyo lunokwenziwa ngokuhambelana nokusebenza kweevalve. Njengoko sibona kumzobo, zikho ukuphakamisa ngokupheleleyo iivalvu zokhuseleko kwaye ngokulinganayo iivalvu zokhuseleko, ezikwabizwa ngokuba iivalve zokukhulula.
ivelufa yokhuseleko vs ivelufa yokukhulula
Uthini umahluko phakathi kweevalvu zokhuseleko kunye neevalvu zokukhulula?
Ivaluva zoxinzelelo (i-PSV yesifinyezo) kunye iivalve zokunciphisa uxinzelelo (i-acronym PRV) bahlala bedidekile ngenxa yokuba banesakhiwo esifanayo kunye nokusebenza. Enyanisweni, zombini iivalve zikhupha ngokuzenzekelayo ulwelo xa uxinzelelo ludlula ixabiso elimiselweyo. Iiyantlukwano zabo zihlala zingahoywa, njengoko zinjalo ziyatshintshana kwezinye iinkqubo zemveliso. Umahluko ophambili awukho kwinjongo yabo, kodwa kuhlobo lokusebenza. Ukuya ngaphantsistand umahluko phakathi kwezi zibini, kufuneka singene kwiinkcazo ezinikwe yi-ASME (i-American Society of Mechanical Engineers) I-Boiler & Pressure Vessel okanye i-BPVC.
The ivalve yokhuseleko sisixhobo sokulawula uxinzelelo oluzenzekelayo oluqhutywa luxinzelelo lwestatic lolwelo olunyukayo lwevalve, olusetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa kwegesi okanye umphunga, nge “phakamisa ngokupheleleyo” nyathelo.
The ivalve yokunceda (ekwaziwa ngokuba 'yivalve yokuphuphuma') sisixhobo esizenzekelayo sokukhulula uxinzelelo esiqhutywa luxinzelelo olumileyo olunyukayo lwevalvu. Yona ivula ngokulinganayo xa uxinzelelo ludlula amandla okuvula, ngokuyinhloko asetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa kwamanzi.
Umgangatho phezu kobuninzi
Izixhobo zokukhusela iivalvu
Iivalvu zokhuseleko ezinemibhobho yokulinganisa / yokukhusela
Imivumbo kwivalvu yokhuseleko yenza le misebenzi ilandelayo:
1) ukulinganisa imilenze: iqinisekisa umsebenzi ofanelekileyo wevalve yokhuseleko, ukurhoxisa okanye ukunciphisa imiphumo ye-backpressure, enokuthi ibekwe okanye yakhelwe, kwixabiso ngaphakathi kwemida echaziweyo yesivalo.
2) ukhuseleko luvuthela: ikhusela intambo yokusonta, isikhokelo sokusonta kunye nayo yonke indawo ephezulu yevalve yokhuseleko (ebandakanya intwasahlobo) ekudibaneni nayo process ulwelo, ukuqinisekisa zonke iinxalenye ezihambayo imfezeko kunye nokunceda ukuphepha umonakalo ngenxa cristallization okanye polymerisation, umhlwa okanye abrasion amacandelo angaphakathi, nto leyo enokuphazamisa ukusebenza ngokuchanekileyo kwevalve yokhuseleko.
Ukuxhotyiswa kwevalve yokhuselekoped nge actuator yomoya
I-actuator ye-pneumatic ivumela ukunyuswa kwe-disc epheleleyo, ukulawulwa kude kwaye ngokuzimeleyo kuxinzelelo olusebenzayo lwe process ulwelo.
Ukuxhotyiswa kwevalve yokhuselekoped ngesixhobo sokuthintela idiski
Besa inokuxhobisa iivalve zayo zokhuseleko kunye ne "test gag", equkethe izikrufu ezimbini, enye ebomvu kunye enye eluhlaza. I-screw ebomvu, ibe yinde kunoluhlaza, ivimbela ukunyuswa kwediski, ukuthintela i-valve ekuvuleni.
Ukuxhotyiswa kwevalve yokhuselekoped kunye nezixhobo zevalve yepneumaticped ngesalathisi sokuphakamisa
Umsebenzi wesalathiso sokuphakamisa kukubona ukunyuswa kwediski, oko kukuthi, ukuvulwa kwevalvu.
Ukuxhotyiswa kwevalve yokhuselekoped nge vibrations stabilizer
I-vibration stabilizer inciphisa ubuncinci be-oscillations kunye nee-vibrations ezinokuthi zenzeke ngexesha lesigaba sokunciphisa, okwenza ukuba i-valve isebenze ngokungafanelekanga.
Iivalvu zokhuseleko lwetywina ezomeleleyo
Ukufumana isitywina esingcono phakathi kwediski kunye neendawo zokuhlala, kunokwenzeka ukuxhobisa i-valve ngesitywina esiqinileyo. Esi sisombululo senziwa emva kohlalutyo lweSebe lobuGcisa kunye nokuqwalasela iimeko zokuzilolonga: uxinzelelo, ubushushu, indalo kunye nesimo somzimba process ephakathi.
isitywina esinamandla sifumaneka ngezinto ezilandelayo: viton ®, NBR, neoprene ®, Kalrez ®, Kaflon™, EPDM, PTFE, PEEK™
Iivalvu zokhuseleko ezinejacket yokufudumeza
Kwimeko yemithombo yeendaba ebukekayo kakhulu, encangathi okanye enokuba yikristale, ivalve yokhuseleko inokubonelelwa ngejacket yokufudumeza, eyintsimbi yentsimbi engenasici edityaniswe kumzimba wevalvu, ezaliswe ngulwelo olushushu (umphunga, amanzi ashushu, njl. njl.) ukuze qinisekisa i process ukuhamba kwemidiya ngevalve.
Imiphezulu yokutywina ebhaliweyo
Ukuze ufumane i-corrosion engcono kunye nokunxiba ukuxhathisa kwediski kunye neendawo zokutywinwa kwesihlalo, ngesicelo okanye emva kweTech. Uhlalutyo lweSebe, iivalvu zokhuseleko zibonelelwa ngediski kunye nesitulo esinemigangatho etywiniweyo. Esi sisombululo sinconywa kwimeko yoxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye namaxabiso okushisa, i-media abrasive, imidiya eneendawo eziqinileyo, i-cavitation.
Ukusetyenziswa okudibeneyo kweevalve zokhuseleko kunye nediski yokuqhawula
Besa® iivalvu zokhuseleko zifanelekile ukufakela ngokudibeneyo ukugqabhuka iidiski ilungiswe mhlawumbi phezulu okanye ezantsi kwevalve. Iidiski eziqhekezayo ezisetyenziswe kwizicelo ezinjalo kufuneka ziqinisekiswe ukuba zingaqhekeki, ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga isakhiwo. Kwi-fluid dynamics, kwelinye icala, nayiphi na idiski yokukrazula ebekwe phezulu kumjelo wevalve kufuneka ifakwe ngendlela yokuba:
- idiskhi yokugqabhuka idayamitha eziqukuqelayo inkulu kune okanye ilingana nedayamitha yokungena yevalvu yokhuseleko
- ukuhla koxinzelelo lulonke (kubalwa ukusuka kumthamo wokuhamba okuqhelekileyo okuphindaphindwe nge-1.15) ukusuka kwindawo ekhuselweyo yokungena kwitanki ukuya kwiflange yokungenisa ivelufa ingaphantsi kwe-3% yoxinzelelo olusebenzayo lwevalve yokhuseleko. Isithuba phakathi kwe-disc yokuqhawula kunye ne-valve kufuneka ifakwe kwipayipi ye-1/4 "ngendlela yokuqinisekisa ukuba uxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric lugcinwe ngokufanelekileyo kwaye lukhuselekile. Ukulinganisa okuchanekileyo kweediski ngokubhekiselele kwi-fluid dynamics, i-factor Fd (EN ISO 4126-3 amaphepha 12. 13) kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo, kwaye ingathathwa njenge-0. 9.
Ukusetyenziswa kwediski yokukrazula phezulu kwevalve yokhuseleko kunokucetyiswa kwezi meko zilandelayo:
- xa usebenza ngemithombo yeendaba ndlongondlongo, ukwahlula indawo yokungena yevalvu yomzimba ekudibaneni okuqhubekayo nayo process ulwelo, ukuphepha ukusetyenziswa kwezinto ezibizayo;
- xa isitywina sesinyithi sinikezelwe, ukunqanda ukuvuza ngempazamo kolwelo phakathi komphezulu wesitulo/idiski.
Iziqinisekiso kunye nokuvunywa
Besa® iivalvu zokhuseleko ziyilwe, zenziwe kwaye zikhethwe ngokuhambelana ne I-European Directives 2014/68/EU (Entsha PED), 2014/34 / EU (ATEX) Kunye API I-520 ngo-526 kunye ne-527. Besa® iimveliso zikwavunywa ngu RINA® (Besa yaziwa njengomvelisi) kunye DNV GL®.
Ngesicelo Besa inikeza uncedo olupheleleyo kwi ukusebenza kweemvavanyo ngamaqumrhu aphambili.
Apha ngezantsi ungafumana iziqinisekiso zethu eziphambili ezifunyenwe kwiivalvu zokhuseleko.
Besa iivalvu zokhuseleko CE PED Qi niweyo
The PED Umyalelo ubonelela ngokumakishwa kwezixhobo zoxinzelelo kunye nayo yonke into apho uxinzelelo oluphezulu oluvumelekileyo (PS) lungaphezu kwe-0.5 bar. Esi sixhobo kufuneka silinganiswe ngokobukhulu:
- iindawo zokusetyenziswa (uxinzelelo, amaqondo obushushu)
- iintlobo zolwelo olusetyenzisiweyo (amanzi, igesi, iihydrocarbons, njl.njl.)
- ubungakanani / umlinganiselo woxinzelelo ofunekayo kwisicelo
Injongo ye-Directive 97/23/EC kukulungelelanisa yonke imithetho yamazwe aseYurophu kwizixhobo zoxinzelelo. Ngokukodwa, iikhrayitheriya zokuyila, ukuvelisa, ukulawula, ukuvavanywa kunye nentsimi yesicelo zilawulwa. Oku kuvumela ukujikelezwa kwamahhala kwezixhobo zoxinzelelo kunye nezixhobo.
Umyalelo ufuna ukuthotyelwa kweemfuneko zokhuseleko eziyimfuneko apho umlimi kufuneka ahambelane nemveliso kunye nemveliso process. Umenzi unyanzelekile ukuba aqikelele kwaye anciphise umngcipheko wemveliso ebekwe kwimarike.
iziQinisekiso process
Umbutho uqhuba uphicotho kunye nolawulo olusekwe kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo okubeka iliso kwiinkqubo zomgangatho wenkampani. Emva koko, i PED umbutho ukhupha izatifikethi zeCE ze each uhlobo kunye nemodeli yemveliso kwaye, ukuba kuyimfuneko, kunye nokuqinisekiswa kokugqibela ngaphambi kokugunyaziswa.
The PED umbutho ke uqhubeke ngokuthi:
- Ukukhethwa kweemodeli zesatifikethi/ukulebhelishwa
- Uvavanyo lwefayile yobugcisa kunye namaxwebhu oyilo
- Inkcazo yohlolo kunye nomenzi
- Ukuqinisekiswa kolu lawulo kwinkonzo
- Umzimba emva koko ukhupha isatifikethi se-CE kunye nelebhile yemveliso eyenziweyo
Besa iivalvu zokhuseleko CE ATEX Qi niweyo
ATEX – Izixhobo ezinokuthi zibe noqhushumbo (94/9/EC).
“Umyalelo 94/9/EC, owaziwa ngcono ngesifinyezo ATEX, yaphunyezwa e-Italy nguMongameli we-Presidential Decree 126 we-23 Matshi 1998 kwaye isebenza kwiimveliso ezenzelwe ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinokuthi ziqhume. Ngokungena kunyanzeliso lwe ATEX Umyalelo, i standIintengiso ebezifudula zisebenza zaye zarhoxiswa kwaye ukusuka nge-1 kaJulayi 2003 akuvumelekanga ukuthengisa iimveliso ezingahambelaniyo nezibonelelo ezintsha.
I-Directive 94/9/EC ngumyalelo 'omtsha' ojolise ekuvumeleni ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo kwempahla kuluntu. Oku kuphunyezwa ngokulungelelanisa iimfuno ezisemthethweni zokhuseleko, ngokulandela indlela esekelwe kumngcipheko. Ikwajolise ekupheliseni okanye, ubuncinane, ukunciphisa imingcipheko evela kusetyenziso lweemveliso ezithile ngaphakathi okanye ngokunxulumene nomoya onokuthi ube noqhushumbo. Oku
kuthetha ukuba ukubakho kwemeko yoqhushumbo kufuneka kuqwalaselwe kungekuphela nje “kwindawo enye” nakwimbono engatshintshiyo, kodwa zonke iimeko zokusebenza ezinokuvela process nayo kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo.
Umyalelo ubandakanya izixhobo, nokuba zizodwa okanye zidityanisiwe, ezilungiselelwe ukufakela “kwiindawo” ezichazwe njengeengozi; iinkqubo ezikhuselayo ezisebenza ukumisa okanye ukuqulatha uqhushumbo; amacandelo kunye neenxalenye ezibalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwezixhobo okanye iinkqubo zokukhusela; kunye nokulawula kunye nokulungelelanisa izixhobo zokhuseleko eziluncedo okanye eziyimfuneko ekusebenzeni okukhuselekileyo nokuthembekileyo kwezixhobo okanye iinkqubo zokukhusela.
Phakathi kwezinto ezintsha zoMyalelo, oquka zonke iingozi eziqhumayo zalo naluphi na uhlobo (zombane nezingezizo ezombane), oku kulandelayo kufuneka kugxininiswe:
- Ukwaziswa kweemfuno ezibalulekileyo zempilo nokhuseleko.
- Ukusebenziseka kuzo zombini iimayini kunye nezixhobo zomhlaba.
- Ukwahlulwa kwezixhobo ngokweendidi ngokohlobo lokhuselo olubonelelweyo.
- Ukongamela imveliso esekelwe kwiinkqubo zomgangatho wenkampani.
Umyalelo 94/9/EC uhlela izixhobo zibe ngamaqela amabini aphambili:
- Iqela le-1 (Udidi lwe-M1 kunye ne-M2): izixhobo kunye neenkqubo zokukhusela ezijoliswe ukusetyenziswa kwimigodi
- Iqela le-2 (Udidi 1,2,3): Izixhobo kunye neenkqubo zokukhusela ezijoliswe ekusetyenzisweni phezu komhlaba. (85% yemveliso yamashishini)
Ukuhlelwa kwendawo yokufakela izixhobo kuya kuba luxanduva lomsebenzisi wokugqibela; ngoko ke ngokommandla womngcipheko womthengi (umzekelo ummandla wama-21 okanye ummandla 1) umenzi kuya kufuneka abonelele ngezixhobo ezifanelekileyo kuloo ndawo.
Besa iivalvu zokhuseleko RINA Qi niweyo
RINA ibisebenza njengequmrhu leziqinisekiso zamazwe ngamazwe ukusukela ngo-1989, njengesiphumo esithe ngqo sokuzinikela kwayo okuyimbali ekukhuseleni ukhuseleko lobomi boluntu elwandle, ukukhusela ipropathi kunye nokukhusela umhlaba. marine okusingqongileyo, ngokomdla woluntu, njengoko kuchaziwe kuMthetho wawo, nokudlulisela amava alo, afunyenwe kwisithuba esingaphezu kwenkulungwane, kwamanye amacandelo. Njengeziko lezatifiketi zamazwe ngamazwe, lizibophelele ekukhuseleni ubomi bomntu, ipropati kunye nokusingqongileyo, ngokusemdleni woluntu, kunye nokusebenzisa iinkulungwane zamava kwezinye iindawo.
Uphawu lwe-Eurasian Conformity
The Ukuhambelana kwe-Eurasian phawula (EAC, IsiRashiya: I-Евразийское соответствие (ЕАС)) luphawu lwesatifikethi olubonisa iimveliso ezihambelana nayo yonke imimiselo yobugcisa ye-Eurasian Customs Union. Kuthetha ukuba i EAC-imveliso ephawulweyo ihlangabezana nazo zonke iimfuno zemimiselo yobugcisa ehambelanayo kwaye iphumelele zonke iinkqubo zovavanyo lokuthobela.
Besa iivalvu zokhuseleko iindawo eziphambili zesicelo
Ukususela kwi1946
Endle nawe
BESA ibisenza iivalvu zokhuseleko iminyaka emininzi, kuluhlu olubanzi lofakelo, kwaye amava ethu abonelela ngesona siqinisekiso silungileyo. Sifundisisa ngenyameko each inkqubo ngexesha lesigaba socaphulo, kunye nazo naziphi na iimfuno ezikhethekileyo okanye izicelo, de sifumane isisombululo esona sisombululo kunye neyona valve ifanelekileyo yokufakela kwakho.
