Viskositas cairan mangrupikeun ukuran na lalawanan ka ngalir.
Ieu mangrupikeun sipat cairan anu nangtukeun jumlah gaya anu diperyogikeun pikeun mindahkeun éta. Nu leuwih luhur viskositas, beuki kakuatan diperlukeun pikeun mindahkeun cairanana.
Viskositas cairan dipangaruhan ku suhuna. The warmer cairanana, nu handap viskositas na. Cairan anu langkung tiis, langkung luhur viskositasna.
Viskositas cairan ogé kapangaruhan ku tekanan na. Nu leuwih luhur tekanan, nu leuwih luhur viskositas cairan urang.
Viskositas cairan tiasa diukur ku viscometer. Viscometer mangrupikeun alat anu ngukur résistansi cairan pikeun ngalir. Viskositas cairan mangrupa sipat penting dina loba aplikasi. Contona, viskositas cairan bisa dipaké pikeun nangtukeun jumlah gaya diperlukeun pikeun mindahkeun eta ngaliwatan pipa a.
Viskositas dina fisika nyaéta salah sahiji sipat zat dimana gerak molekul ngeunaan molekul sabudeureun patepung, alatan gaya antarmolekul, gaya tahan: dina padet éta pangluhurna, tapi panghandapna dina cair jeung gas. Upami urang neuleumkeun benda asing dina cairan anu ditimbangkeun, éta bakal mendakan résistansi anu kakuatanna beda-beda gumantung kana darajat viskositas cairan.
Molase, contona, gaduh viskositas anu langkung luhur tibatan cai sabab langkung tahan ka ngalir.
Aya seueur metode anu tiasa dianggo pikeun ngukur viskositas cairan, anu panggampangna sareng paling lugas nyaéta pikeun ngalungkeun bal kalayan diaméter anu tangtu kana wadah transparan anu ngandung cairan anu viskositasna nyobian ditangtukeun.
PERHATIAN: timbal balik viskositas disebut fluidity, ukuran smoothness.
Viskositas mangrupikeun faktor anu penting pikeun nangtoskeun gaya anu kedah diatasi nalika cairan dianggo pikeun lubrikasi sareng diangkut dina pipa. Éta kituna bakal penting pikeun urang sahandapeunstand jenis cairan naon Besa® klep bakal digawekeun ku, sabab gesekan antara dinding pipa jeung cairan nu ngalir ngaliwatan eta mangaruhan kinerja ngurangan klep urang.
Ieu ngatur aliran cairan dina processes kayaning nyemprot, suntik molding na palapis permukaan.
Viskositas dinamis
Hayu urang nganggap dua planes, dipisahkeun ku cairan (suhu dikawasa) jeung sajajar jeung each séjén, hiji cicing jeung lianna subjected kana gaya nu nyurung / narik eta sajajar jeung pesawat séjén.
Gumantung kana cairan kami dipaké pikeun misahkeun dua planes, sarta salawasna nerapkeun gaya anu sarua pikeun mindahkeun salah sahiji dua planes, urang bakal manggihan yén laju pesawat beda-beda gumantung kana cairan kami geus dipilih.
Generalizing kami boga:
A (m^2) = luas bidang paralel
y (m) = jarak antara dua bidang
F (N) = gaya anu diterapkeun kana bidang gerak
u (m/s^2) = laju bidang gerak
τ = gaya tangensial
Gaya tangensial bakal sabalikna tibalik ka jarak antara dua planes jeung langsung sabanding jeung laju.
Ngawanohkeun istilah laju ngahesekeun hal, sabab ngan sacara téoritis variasi dina laju linier.
Hijian ukuran
Dina sistem internasional viskositas diukur dina pascals (Pa s) nu sarua jeung poiseuille a (PI), kadang pikeun lubricating minyak ogé dipaké sistem CGS, nyaéta centipoise (cP)
1 Pa s = 1 PI
1 cP = 1 mPI
Viskositas kinematik: 1 cSt (centiStokes) = 10-6 m2/s
| Cair | Suhu (ºF) | Suhu (ºC) | Viskositas kinematis CentiStokes (cSt) | Viskositas kinematis Detik Saybolt Universal (SSU) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asetaldehida CH3CHO | 61 | 16.1 | 0.305 | 36 |
| Asetaldehida CH3CHO | 68 | 20 | 0.295 | |
| asam asétat - cuka - 10% CH3COOH | 59 | 15 | 1.35 | 31.7 |
| asam asétat - 50% | 59 | 15 | 2.27 | 33 |
| asam asétat - 80% | 59 | 15 | 2.85 | 35 |
| asam asétat - kentel glasial | 59 | 15 | 1.34 | 31.7 |
| Asam asétat anhidrida (CH3COO)2O | 59 | 15 | 0.88 | |
| Aseton CH3COCH3 | 68 | 20 | 0.41 | |
| Alkohol - alil | 68 | 20 | 1.60 | 31.8 |
| Alkohol - alil | 104 | 40 | 0.90 cp | |
| Alkohol - butil-n | 68 | 20 | 3.64 | 38 |
| Alkohol - étil (sisikian) C2H5OH | 68 | 20 | 1.52 | 31.7 |
| Alkohol - étil (sisikian) C2H5OH | 100 | 37.8 | 1.2 | 31.5 |
| Alkohol - métil (kai) CH3OH | 59 | 15 | 0.74 | |
| Alkohol - métil (kai) CH3OH | 32 | 0 | 1.04 | |
| Alkohol - propyl | 68 | 20 | 2.8 | 35 |
| Alkohol - propyl | 122 | 50 | 1.4 | 31.7 |
| Aluminium sulfat - 36% solusi | 68 | 20 | 1.41 | 31.7 |
| amoniak | 0 | -17.8 | 0.30 | |
| Anilin | 68 | 20 | 4.37 | 40 |
| Anilin | 50 | 10 | 6.4 | 46.4 |
| Aspal RC-0, MC-0, SC-0 | 77 | 25 | 159-324 | 737-1.5M |
| Aspal RC-0, MC-0, SC-0 | 100 | 37.8 | 60-108 | 280-500 |
| Minyak crankcase otomatis | 0 | -17.8 | 1295-maks | 6M-maks |
| SAE 10W | ||||
| Minyak crankcase otomatis | 0 | -17.8 | 1295-2590 | 6M-12M |
| SAE 10W | ||||
| Minyak crankcase otomatis | 0 | -17.8 | 2590-10350 | 12M-48M |
| SAE 20W | ||||
| Minyak crankcase otomatis | 210 | 98.9 | 5.7-9.6 | 45-58 |
| SAE 20 | ||||
| Minyak crankcase otomatis | 210 | 98.9 | 9.6-12.9 | 58-70 |
| SAE 30 | ||||
| Minyak crankcase otomatis | 210 | 98.9 | 12.9-16.8 | 70-85 |
| SAE 40 | ||||
| Minyak crankcase otomatis | 210 | 98.9 | 16.8-22.7 | 85-110 |
| SAE 50 | ||||
| Minyak gear otomotif | 210 | 98.9 | 4.2 mnt | 40 mnt |
| SAE 75W | ||||
| Minyak gear otomotif | 210 | 98.9 | 7.0 mnt | 49 mnt |
| SAE 80W | ||||
| Minyak gear otomotif | 210 | 98.9 | 11.0 mnt | 63 mnt |
| SAE 85W | ||||
| Minyak gear otomotif | 210 | 98.9 | 14-25 | 74-120 |
| SAE 90W | ||||
| Minyak gear otomotif | 210 | 98.9 | 25-43 | 120-200 |
| SAE 140 | ||||
| Minyak gear otomotif | 210 | 98.9 | 43 - mnt | 200 mnt |
| SAE 150 | ||||
| bir | 68 | 20 | 1.8 | 32 |
| Bénzéna (benzol) C6H6 | 32 | 0 | 1.0 | 31 |
| Bénzéna (benzol) C6H6 | 68 | 20 | 0.74 | |
| Minyak tulang | 130 | 54.4 | 47.5 | 220 |
| Minyak tulang | 212 | 100 | 11.6 | 65 |
| bromin | 68 | 20 | 0.34 | |
| Butana-n | -50 | -1.1 | 0.52 | |
| Butana-n | 30 | 0.35 | ||
| asam butirat n | 68 | 20 | 1.61 | 31.6 |
| asam butirat n | 32 | 0 | 2.3 cp | |
| Kalsium klorida 5% | 65 | 18.3 | 1156 | |
| Kalsium klorida 25% | 60 | 15.6 | 4.0 | 39 |
| Asam karbolat (fénol) | 65 | 18.3 | 11.83 | 65 |
| Asam karbolat (fénol) | 194 | 90 | 1.26 cp | |
| Karbon tetraklorida CCl4 | 68 | 20 | 0.612 | |
| Karbon tetraklorida CCl4 | 100 | 37.8 | 0.53 | |
| Karbon disulfida CS2 | 32 | 0 | 0.33 | |
| Karbon disulfida CS2 | 68 | 20 | 0.298 | |
| Minyak kastor | 100 | 37.8 | 259-325 | 1200-1500 |
| Minyak kastor | 130 | 54.4 | 98-130 | 450-600 |
| minyak kai Cina | 69 | 20.6 | 308.5 | 1425 |
| minyak kai Cina | 100 | 37.8 | 125.5 | 580 |
| Kloroform | 68 | 20 | 0.38 | |
| Kloroform | 140 | 60 | 0.35 | |
| minyak kalapa | 100 | 37.8 | 29.8-31.6 | 140-148 |
| minyak kalapa | 130 | 54.4 | 14.7-15.7 | 76-80 |
| Minyak iwak (cod oil) | 100 | 37.8 | 32.1 | 150 |
| Minyak iwak (cod oil) | 130 | 54.4 | 19.4 | 95 |
| Minyak jagong | 130 | 54.4 | 28.7 | 135 |
| Minyak jagong | 212 | 100 | 8.6 | 54 |
| Leyuran aci jagong | 70 | 21.1 | 32.1 | 150 |
| 22 Baume | 100 | 37.8 | 27.5 | 130 |
| Leyuran aci jagong | 70 | 21.1 | 129.8 | 600 |
| 24 Baume | 100 | 37.8 | 95.2 | 440 |
| Leyuran aci jagong | 70 | 21.1 | 303 | 1400 |
| 25 Baume | 100 | 37.8 | 173.2 | 800 |
| Minyak siki kapas | 100 | 37.8 | 37.9 | 176 |
| Minyak siki kapas | 130 | 54.4 | 20.6 | 100 |
| Minyak bumi 48º API | 60 | 15.6 | 3.8 | 39 |
| Minyak bumi 48º API | 130 | 54.4 | 1.6 | 31.8 |
| Minyak bumi 40º API | 60 | 15.6 | 9.7 | 55.7 |
| Minyak bumi 40º API | 130 | 54.4 | 3.5 | 38 |
| Minyak bumi 35.6º API | 60 | 15.6 | 17.8 | 88.4 |
| Minyak bumi 35.6º API | 130 | 54.4 | 4.9 | 42.3 |
| Minyak bumi 32.6º API | 60 | 15.6 | 23.2 | 110 |
| Minyak bumi 32.6º API | 130 | 54.4 | 7.1 | 46.8 |
| Decane-n | 0 | 17.8 | 2.36 | 34 |
| Decane-n | 100 | 37.8 | 1001 | 31 |
| Diétil glikol | 70 | 21.1 | 32 | 149.7 |
| Diethyl éter | 68 | 20 | 0.32 | |
| Bahan Bakar Diesel 20 | 100 | 37.8 | 44714 | 32.6-45.5 |
| Bahan Bakar Diesel 20 | 130 | 54.4 | 1.-3.97 | -39 |
| Bahan Bakar Diesel 30 | 100 | 37.8 | 6-11.75 | 45.5-65 |
| Bahan Bakar Diesel 30 | 130 | 54.4 | 3.97-6.78 | 39-48 |
| Bahan Bakar Diesel 40 | 100 | 37.8 | 29.8 max | 140 max |
| Bahan Bakar Diesel 40 | 130 | 54.4 | 13.1 max | 70 max |
| Bahan Bakar Diesel 60 | 122 | 50 | 86.6 max | 400 max |
| Bahan Bakar Diesel 60 | 160 | 71.1 | 35.2 max | 165 max |
| Étil asétat CH3COOC2H3 | 59 | 15 | 0.4 | |
| Étil asétat CH3COOC2H3 | 68 | 20 | 0.49 | |
| Étil bromida C2H5Br | 68 | 20 | 0.27 | |
| Étiléna bromida | 68 | 20 | 0.787 | |
| Étiléna klorida | 68 | 20 | 0.668 | |
| Étiléna glikol | 70 | 21.1 | 17.8 | 88.4 |
| Asam format 10% | 68 | 20 | 1.04 | 31 |
| Asam format 50% | 68 | 20 | 1.2 | 31.5 |
| Asam format 80% | 68 | 20 | 1.4 | 31.7 |
| Asam format kentel | 68 | 20 | 1.48 | 31.7 |
| Asam format kentel | 77 | 25 | 1.57 cp | |
| Freon -11 | 70 | 21.1 | 0.21 | |
| Freon -12 | 70 | 21.1 | 0.27 | |
| Freon -21 | 70 | 21.1 | 1.45 | |
| furaldehyde | 68 | 20 | 1.45 | 31.7 |
| furaldehyde | 77 | 25 | 1.49 cp | |
| Bahan Bakar Minyak 1 | 70 | 21.1 | 2.39-4.28 | 34-40 |
| Bahan Bakar Minyak 1 | 100 | 37.8 | -2.69 | 32-35 |
| Bahan Bakar Minyak 2 | 70 | 21.1 | 3.0-7.4 | 36-50 |
| Bahan Bakar Minyak 2 | 100 | 37.8 | 2.11-4.28 | 33-40 |
| Bahan Bakar Minyak 3 | 70 | 21.1 | 2.69-5.84 | 35-45 |
| Bahan Bakar Minyak 3 | 100 | 37.8 | 2.06-3.97 | 32.8-39 |
| Minyak suluh 5A | 70 | 21.1 | 7.4-26.4 | 50-125 |
| Minyak suluh 5A | 100 | 37.8 | 4.91-13.7 | 42-72 |
| Minyak suluh 5B | 70 | 21.1 | 26.4- | 125- |
| Minyak suluh 5B | 100 | 37.8 | 13.6-67.1 | 72-310 |
| Bahan Bakar Minyak 6 | 122 | 50 | 97.4-660 | 450-3M |
| Bahan Bakar Minyak 6 | 160 | 71.1 | 37.5-172 | 175-780 |
| Minyak gas | 70 | 21.1 | 13.9 | 73 |
| Minyak gas | 100 | 37.8 | 7.4 | 50 |
| Bensin a | 60 | 15.6 | 0.88 | |
| Bensin a | 100 | 37.8 | 0.71 | |
| Béngsin b | 60 | 15.6 | 0.64 | |
| Béngsin b | 100 | 37.8 | ||
| Béngsin c | 60 | 15.6 | 0.46 | |
| Béngsin c | 100 | 37.8 | 0.40 | |
| Gliserin 100% | 68.6 | 20.3 | 648 | 2950 |
| Gliserin 100% | 100 | 37.8 | 176 | 813 |
| Gliserin 50% cai | 68 | 20 | 5.29 | 43 |
| Gliserin 50% cai | 140 | 60 | 1.85 cp | |
| glukosa | 100 | 37.8 | 7.7M-22M | 35M-100M |
| glukosa | 150 | 65.6 | 880-2420 | 4M-11M |
| Heptana-n | 0 | -17.8 | 0.928 | |
| Heptana-n | 100 | 37.8 | 0.511 | |
| Heksana-n | 0 | -17.8 | 0.683 | |
| Heksana-n | 100 | 37.8 | 0.401 | |
| madu | 100 | 37.8 | 73.6 | 349 |
| Tinta, printer | 100 | 37.8 | 550-2200 | 2500-10M |
| Tinta, printer | 130 | 54.4 | 238-660 | 1100-3M |
| Minyak insulasi | 70 | 21.1 | 24.1 max | 115 max |
| Minyak insulasi | 100 | 37.8 | 11.75 max | 65 max |
| minyak tanah | 68 | 20 | 2.71 | 35 |
| Jet Bahan Bakar | -30. | -34.4 | 7.9 | 52 |
| gajih babi | 100 | 37.8 | 62.1 | 287 |
| gajih babi | 130 | 54.4 | 34.3 | 160 |
| Minyak gajih | 100 | 37.8 | 41-47.5 | 190-220 |
| Minyak gajih | 130 | 54.4 | 23.4-27.1 | 112-128 |
| Minyak linseed | 100 | 37.8 | 30.5 | 143 |
| Minyak linseed | 130 | 54.4 | 18.94 | 93 |
| raksa | 70 | 21.1 | 0.118 | |
| raksa | 100 | 37.8 | 0.11 | |
| Métil asétat | 68 | 20 | 0.44 | |
| Métil asétat | 104 | 40 | 0.32 cp | |
| Métil iodida | 68 | 20 | 0.213 | |
| Métil iodida | 104 | 40 | 0.42 cp | |
| minyak Menhaden | 100 | 37.8 | 29.8 | 140 |
| minyak Menhaden | 130 | 54.4 | 18.2 | 90 |
| Susu | 68 | 20 | 1.13 | 31.5 |
| Molasses A, kahiji | 100 | 37.8 | 281-5070 | 1300-23500 |
| Molasses A, kahiji | 130 | 54.4 | 151-1760 | 700-8160 |
| B, kadua | 100 | 37.8 | 1410-13.2M | 6535-61180 |
| B, kadua | 130 | 54.4 | 660-3.3M | 3058-15294 |
| C, hideung | 100 | 37.8 | 2630-55M | 12190-255M |
| C, hideung | 130 | 54.4 | 1320-16.5M | 6120-76.5M |
| Naftalena | 176 | 80 | 0.9 | |
| Naftalena | 212 | 100 | 0.78 cp | |
| Minyak Neatstool | 100 | 37.8 | 49.7 | 230 |
| Minyak Neatstool | 130 | 54.4 | 27.5 | 130 |
| Nitrobenzena | 68 | 20 | 1.67 | 31.8 |
| Nonana-n | 0 | -17.8 | 1728 | 32 |
| Nonana-n | 100 | 37.8 | 0.807 | |
| oktana-n | 0 | -17.8 | 1266 | 31.7 |
| oktana-n | 100 | 37.8 | 0.645 | |
| minyak zaitun | 100 | 37.8 | 43.2 | 200 |
| minyak zaitun | 130 | 54.4 | 24.1 | |
| Minyak sawit | 100 | 37.8 | 47.8 | |
| Minyak sawit | 130 | 54.4 | 26.4 | |
| minyak suuk | 100 | 37.8 | 42 | 200 |
| minyak suuk | 130 | 54.4 | 23.4 | |
| Pentana-n | 0 | 17.8 | 0.508 | |
| Pentana-n | 80 | 26.7 | 0.342 | |
| petrolatum | 130 | 54.4 | 20.5 | 100 |
| petrolatum | 160 | 71.1 | 15 | 77 |
| Éter minyak bumi | 60 | 15.6 | 31 (éta) | 1.1 |
| Asam propionat | 32 | 0 | 1.52 cp | 31.5 |
| Asam propionat | 68 | 20 | 1.13 | |
| Propiléna glikol | 70 | 21.1 | 52 | 241 |
| Minyak nyeuseup | 100-120 | 20.5-25 | ||
| Minyak rapeseed | 100 | 37.8 | 54.1 | 250 |
| Minyak rapeseed | 130 | 54.4 | 31 | 145 |
| minyak Rosin | 100 | 37.8 | 324.7 | 1500 |
| minyak Rosin | 130 | 54.4 | 129.9 | 600 |
| Rosin (kayu) | 100 | 37.8 | 216-11M | 1M-50M |
| Rosin (kayu) | 200 | 93.3 | 108-4400 | 500-20M |
| Minyak siki wijén | 100 | 37.8 | 39.6 | 184 |
| Minyak siki wijén | 130 | 54.4 | 23 | 110 |
| Natrium klorida 5% | 68 | 20 | 1097 | 31.1 |
| Natrium klorida 25% | 60 | 15.6 | 2.4 | 34 |
| Natrium hidroksida (soda kaustik) 20% | 65 | 18.3 | 4.0 | 39.4 |
| Natrium hidroksida (soda kaustik) 30% | 65 | 18.3 | 10.0 | 58.1 |
| Natrium hidroksida (soda kaustik) 40% | 65 | 18.3 | ||
| Minyak kedelai | 100 | 37.8 | 35.4 | 165 |
| Minyak kedelai | 130 | 5.4 | 19.64 | 96 |
| Minyak spérma | 100 | 37.5 | 21-23 | 110 |
| Minyak spérma | 130 | 54.4 | 15.2 | 78 |
| asam sulfat 100% | 68 | 20 | 14.56 | 76 |
| asam sulfat 100% | 140 | 60 | 7.2 cp | |
| asam sulfat 95% | 68 | 20 | 14.5 | 75 |
| asam sulfat 60% | 68 | 20 | 4.4 | 41 |
| asam sulfat 20% | 3M-8M | |||
| asam sulfat 20% | 650-1400 | |||
| Tar, oven coke | 70 | 21.1 | 600-1760 | 15M-300M |
| Tar, oven coke | 100 | 37.8 | 141-308 | 2M-20M |
| Tar, imah gas | 70 | 21.1 | 3300-66M | 2500 |
| Tar, imah gas | 100 | 37.8 | 440-4400 | 500 |
| Tar, pinus | 100 | 37.8 | 559 | 200-300 |
| Tar, pinus | 132 | 55.6 | 108.2 | 55-60 |
| Toluén | 68 | 20 | 0.68 | 185.7 |
| Toluén | 140 | 60 | 0.38 cp | |
| Triétilén glikol | 70 | 21.1 | 40 | 400-440 |
| Triétilén glikol | 185-205 | |||
| Turpentine | 100 | 37.8 | 86.5-95.2 | 1425 |
| Turpentine | 130 | 54.4 | 39.9-44.3 | 650 |
| Varnish, spar | 68 | 20 | 313 | |
| Varnish, spar | 100 | 37.8 | 143 | |
| Cai, sulingan | 68 | 20 | 10038 | 31 |
| Cai, seger | 60 | 15.6 | 1.13 | 31.5 |
| Cai, seger | 130 | 54.4 | 0.55 | |
| Cai, laut | 1.15 | 31.5 | ||
| Minyak lauk paus | 100 | 37.8 | 35-39.6 | 163-184 |
| Minyak lauk paus | 130 | 54.4 | 19.9-23.4 | 97-112 |
| Xyléna-o | 68 | 20 | 0.93 | |
| Xyléna-o | 104 | 40 | 0.623 cp |
