Suyuqlikning yopishqoqligi uning o'lchovidir oqimga qarshilik.
Bu suyuqlikning xususiyati bo'lib, uni harakatlantirish uchun zarur bo'lgan kuch miqdorini belgilaydi. Yopishqoqlik qanchalik yuqori bo'lsa, suyuqlikni harakatlantirish uchun ko'proq kuch talab etiladi.
Suyuqlikning viskozitesi uning haroratiga ta'sir qiladi. Suyuqlik qanchalik issiq bo'lsa, uning viskozitesi shunchalik past bo'ladi. Suyuqlik qanchalik sovuq bo'lsa, uning viskozitesi shunchalik yuqori bo'ladi.
Suyuqlikning yopishqoqligiga uning bosimi ham ta'sir qiladi. Bosim qanchalik yuqori bo'lsa, suyuqlikning yopishqoqligi shunchalik yuqori bo'ladi.
Suyuqlikning viskozitesini viskozimetr bilan o'lchash mumkin. Viskozimetr - suyuqlikning oqimga qarshiligini o'lchaydigan qurilma. Suyuqlikning yopishqoqligi ko'plab ilovalarda muhim xususiyatdir. Masalan, suyuqlikning yopishqoqligi uchun ishlatilishi mumkin quvur orqali harakatlantirish uchun zarur bo'lgan kuch miqdorini aniqlang.
Fizikada yopishqoqlik moddaning xususiyatlaridan biri bo'lib, molekulalarning atrofdagi molekulalarga nisbatan harakati molekulalararo kuchlar ta'sirida chidamli kuchga duch keladi: qattiq moddalarda u eng yuqori, lekin suyuqlik va gazlarda eng past. Agar biz ko'rib chiqilayotgan suyuqlikka begona jismni botirsak, u suyuqlikning yopishqoqlik darajasiga qarab kuchi o'zgarib turadigan qarshilikka duch keladi.
Masalan, shinni suvga qaraganda yuqori viskoziteye ega, chunki u oqimga nisbatan ancha chidamli.
Suyuqlikning viskozitesini o'lchash uchun ko'plab usullardan foydalanish mumkin, eng oson va eng soddasi ma'lum bir diametrli sharni yopishqoqligi aniqlanayotgan suyuqlikni o'z ichiga olgan shaffof idishga tushirishdir.
DIQQAT: yopishqoqlikning o'zaro nisbati silliqlik o'lchovi bo'lgan suyuqlik deb ataladi.
Yopishqoqlik suyuqliklarni moylash uchun ishlatganda va quvurlarda tashishda engish kerak bo'lgan kuchlarni aniqlashda muhim omil hisoblanadi. Shuning uchun biz ostida bo'lish muhim bo'ladistand qaysi turdagi suyuqlik Besa® valf bilan ishlaydi, chunki quvur devorlari va u orqali oqib o'tadigan suyuqlik orasidagi ishqalanish valfning tushirish ishiga ta'sir qiladi.
U suyuqlik oqimini nazorat qiladi processpurkash, inyeksion kalıplama va sirtni qoplash kabilar.
Dinamik yopishqoqlik
Suyuqlik (harorat nazorati ostida) bilan ajratilgan va parallel bo'lgan ikkita tekislikni ko'rib chiqaylik each boshqasi, biri statsionar, ikkinchisi esa uni boshqa tekislikka parallel ravishda itaruvchi/tortuvchi kuchga duchor bo'ladi.
Ikki tekislikni ajratish uchun foydalanadigan suyuqlikka qarab va ikkala tekislikdan birini harakatlantirish uchun har doim bir xil kuch qo'llasak, biz tanlagan suyuqlikka qarab tekislikning tezligi o'zgarishini topamiz.
Bizda umumlashma mavjud:
A (m^2)= parallel tekisliklarning maydoni
y (m)= ikki tekislik orasidagi masofa
F (N)= harakatlanuvchi tekislikka qo'llaniladigan kuch
u (m/s^2)= harakatlanuvchi tekislikning tezligi
t = tangensial kuch
Tangensial kuch ikki tekislik orasidagi masofaga teskari proportsional va tezlikka to'g'ridan-to'g'ri proportsional bo'ladi.
Tezlik atamasini kiritish ishlarni murakkablashtiradi, chunki faqat nazariy jihatdan tezlikning o'zgarishi chiziqli.
O'lchov birliklari
Xalqaro tizimda yopishqoqlik bilan o'lchanadi pascals (Pa s) poiseuille (PI) ga ekvivalent bo'lib, ba'zan moylash moylari uchun CGS tizimi ham qo'llaniladi, ya'ni sentipoaz (cP)
1 Pa s = 1 PI
1 cP = 1 mPI
Kinematik yopishqoqlik: 1 cSt (centiStokes) = 10-6 m2/s
| Suyuq | Harorat (ºF) | Harorat (ºC) | Kinematik yopishqoqlik CentiStokes (cSt) | Kinematik yopishqoqlik soniya Saybolt universal (SSU) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asetaldegid CH3CHO | 61 | 16.1 | 0.305 | 36 |
| Asetaldegid CH3CHO | 68 | 20 | 0.295 | |
| Sirka kislotasi - sirka - 10% CH3COOH | 59 | 15 | 1.35 | 31.7 |
| Sirka kislotasi - 50% | 59 | 15 | 2.27 | 33 |
| Sirka kislotasi - 80% | 59 | 15 | 2.85 | 35 |
| Sirka kislotasi - konsentrlangan muzlik | 59 | 15 | 1.34 | 31.7 |
| Sirka kislota angidridi (CH3COO)2O | 59 | 15 | 0.88 | |
| Aseton CH3COCH3 | 68 | 20 | 0.41 | |
| Spirtli ichimliklar - allil | 68 | 20 | 1.60 | 31.8 |
| Spirtli ichimliklar - allil | 104 | 40 | 0.90 ta | |
| Spirtli ichimliklar - butil-n | 68 | 20 | 3.64 | 38 |
| Spirtli ichimliklar - etil (don) C2H5OH | 68 | 20 | 1.52 | 31.7 |
| Spirtli ichimliklar - etil (don) C2H5OH | 100 | 37.8 | 1.2 | 31.5 |
| Spirtli ichimliklar - metil (yog'och) CH3OH | 59 | 15 | 0.74 | |
| Spirtli ichimliklar - metil (yog'och) CH3OH | 32 | 0 | 1.04 | |
| Spirtli ichimliklar - propil | 68 | 20 | 2.8 | 35 |
| Spirtli ichimliklar - propil | 122 | 50 | 1.4 | 31.7 |
| Alyuminiy sulfat - 36% eritma | 68 | 20 | 1.41 | 31.7 |
| Ammiak | 0 | -17.8 | 0.30 | |
| Anilin | 68 | 20 | 4.37 | 40 |
| Anilin | 50 | 10 | 6.4 | 46.4 |
| Asfalt RC-0, MC-0, SC-0 | 77 | 25 | 159-324 | 737-1.5M |
| Asfalt RC-0, MC-0, SC-0 | 100 | 37.8 | 60-108 | 280-500 |
| Avtomatik karter moyi | 0 | -17.8 | 1295-maksimal | 6M-maks |
| SAE 10 Vt | ||||
| Avtomatik karter moyi | 0 | -17.8 | 1295-2590 | 6M-12M |
| SAE 10 Vt | ||||
| Avtomatik karter moyi | 0 | -17.8 | 2590-10350 | 12M-48M |
| SAE 20 Vt | ||||
| Avtomatik karter moyi | 210 | 98.9 | 5.7-9.6 | 45-58 |
| SAE 20 | ||||
| Avtomatik karter moyi | 210 | 98.9 | 9.6-12.9 | 58-70 |
| SAE 30 | ||||
| Avtomatik karter moyi | 210 | 98.9 | 12.9-16.8 | 70-85 |
| SAE 40 | ||||
| Avtomatik karter moyi | 210 | 98.9 | 16.8-22.7 | 85-110 |
| SAE 50 | ||||
| Avtomobil tishli moyi | 210 | 98.9 | 4.2 min | 40 min |
| SAE 75 Vt | ||||
| Avtomobil tishli moyi | 210 | 98.9 | 7.0 min | 49 min |
| SAE 80 Vt | ||||
| Avtomobil tishli moyi | 210 | 98.9 | 11.0 min | 63 min |
| SAE 85 Vt | ||||
| Avtomobil tishli moyi | 210 | 98.9 | 14-25 | 74-120 |
| SAE 90 Vt | ||||
| Avtomobil tishli moyi | 210 | 98.9 | 25-43 | 120-200 |
| SAE 140 | ||||
| Avtomobil tishli moyi | 210 | 98.9 | 43 - min | 200 min |
| SAE150 | ||||
| pivo | 68 | 20 | 1.8 | 32 |
| Benzol (benzol) C6H6 | 32 | 0 | 1.0 | 31 |
| Benzol (benzol) C6H6 | 68 | 20 | 0.74 | |
| Suyak yog'i | 130 | 54.4 | 47.5 | 220 |
| Suyak yog'i | 212 | 100 | 11.6 | 65 |
| Brom | 68 | 20 | 0.34 | |
| Butan-n | -50 | -1.1 | 0.52 | |
| Butan-n | 30 | 0.35 | ||
| Butir kislotasi n | 68 | 20 | 1.61 | 31.6 |
| Butir kislotasi n | 32 | 0 | 2.3 ta | |
| Kaltsiy xlorid 5% | 65 | 18.3 | 1156 | |
| Kaltsiy xlorid 25% | 60 | 15.6 | 4.0 | 39 |
| Karbol kislotasi (fenol) | 65 | 18.3 | 11.83 | 65 |
| Karbol kislotasi (fenol) | 194 | 90 | 1.26 ta | |
| Uglerod tetraklorid CCl4 | 68 | 20 | 0.612 | |
| Uglerod tetraklorid CCl4 | 100 | 37.8 | 0.53 | |
| Uglerod disulfidi CS2 | 32 | 0 | 0.33 | |
| Uglerod disulfidi CS2 | 68 | 20 | 0.298 | |
| Kastor yog'i | 100 | 37.8 | 259-325 | 1200-1500 |
| Kastor yog'i | 130 | 54.4 | 98-130 | 450-600 |
| Xitoy yog'och yog'i | 69 | 20.6 | 308.5 | 1425 |
| Xitoy yog'och yog'i | 100 | 37.8 | 125.5 | 580 |
| Xloroform | 68 | 20 | 0.38 | |
| Xloroform | 140 | 60 | 0.35 | |
| Hindiston yong'og'i yog'i | 100 | 37.8 | 29.8-31.6 | 140-148 |
| Hindiston yong'og'i yog'i | 130 | 54.4 | 14.7-15.7 | 76-80 |
| Treska yog'i (baliq yog'i) | 100 | 37.8 | 32.1 | 150 |
| Treska yog'i (baliq yog'i) | 130 | 54.4 | 19.4 | 95 |
| Misr yog'i | 130 | 54.4 | 28.7 | 135 |
| Misr yog'i | 212 | 100 | 8.6 | 54 |
| Makkajo'xori kraxmalining eritmasi | 70 | 21.1 | 32.1 | 150 |
| 22 Baume | 100 | 37.8 | 27.5 | 130 |
| Makkajo'xori kraxmalining eritmasi | 70 | 21.1 | 129.8 | 600 |
| 24 Baume | 100 | 37.8 | 95.2 | 440 |
| Makkajo'xori kraxmalining eritmasi | 70 | 21.1 | 303 | 1400 |
| 25 Baume | 100 | 37.8 | 173.2 | 800 |
| Paxta chigiti yog'i | 100 | 37.8 | 37.9 | 176 |
| Paxta chigiti yog'i | 130 | 54.4 | 20.6 | 100 |
| Xom neft 48º API | 60 | 15.6 | 3.8 | 39 |
| Xom neft 48º API | 130 | 54.4 | 1.6 | 31.8 |
| Xom neft 40º API | 60 | 15.6 | 9.7 | 55.7 |
| Xom neft 40º API | 130 | 54.4 | 3.5 | 38 |
| Xom neft 35.6º API | 60 | 15.6 | 17.8 | 88.4 |
| Xom neft 35.6º API | 130 | 54.4 | 4.9 | 42.3 |
| Xom neft 32.6º API | 60 | 15.6 | 23.2 | 110 |
| Xom neft 32.6º API | 130 | 54.4 | 7.1 | 46.8 |
| Dekan-n | 0 | 17.8 | 2.36 | 34 |
| Dekan-n | 100 | 37.8 | 1001 | 31 |
| Dietil glikol | 70 | 21.1 | 32 | 149.7 |
| Dietil efir | 68 | 20 | 0.32 | |
| Dizel yoqilg'isi 20 | 100 | 37.8 | 44714 | 32.6-45.5 |
| Dizel yoqilg'isi 20 | 130 | 54.4 | 1.-3.97 | -39 |
| Dizel yoqilg'isi 30 | 100 | 37.8 | 6-11.75 | 45.5-65 |
| Dizel yoqilg'isi 30 | 130 | 54.4 | 3.97-6.78 | 39-48 |
| Dizel yoqilg'isi 40 | 100 | 37.8 | 29.8 ta max | 140 ta max |
| Dizel yoqilg'isi 40 | 130 | 54.4 | 13.1 ta max | 70 ta max |
| Dizel yoqilg'isi 60 | 122 | 50 | 86.6 ta max | 400 ta max |
| Dizel yoqilg'isi 60 | 160 | 71.1 | 35.2 ta max | 165 ta max |
| Etil asetat CH3COOC2H3 | 59 | 15 | 0.4 | |
| Etil asetat CH3COOC2H3 | 68 | 20 | 0.49 | |
| Etil bromid C2H5Br | 68 | 20 | 0.27 | |
| Etilen bromid | 68 | 20 | 0.787 | |
| Etilen xlorid | 68 | 20 | 0.668 | |
| Etilen glikol | 70 | 21.1 | 17.8 | 88.4 |
| Chumoli kislotasi 10% | 68 | 20 | 1.04 | 31 |
| Chumoli kislotasi 50% | 68 | 20 | 1.2 | 31.5 |
| Chumoli kislotasi 80% | 68 | 20 | 1.4 | 31.7 |
| Konsentrlangan formik kislota | 68 | 20 | 1.48 | 31.7 |
| Konsentrlangan formik kislota | 77 | 25 | 1.57 kop | |
| Freon -11 | 70 | 21.1 | 0.21 | |
| Freon -12 | 70 | 21.1 | 0.27 | |
| Freon -21 | 70 | 21.1 | 1.45 | |
| furaldehyde | 68 | 20 | 1.45 | 31.7 |
| furaldehyde | 77 | 25 | 1.49 kop | |
| Yoqilg'i moyi 1 | 70 | 21.1 | 2.39-4.28 | 34-40 |
| Yoqilg'i moyi 1 | 100 | 37.8 | -2.69 | 32-35 |
| Yoqilg'i moyi 2 | 70 | 21.1 | 3.0-7.4 | 36-50 |
| Yoqilg'i moyi 2 | 100 | 37.8 | 2.11-4.28 | 33-40 |
| Yoqilg'i moyi 3 | 70 | 21.1 | 2.69-5.84 | 35-45 |
| Yoqilg'i moyi 3 | 100 | 37.8 | 2.06-3.97 | 32.8-39 |
| Yoqilg'i moyi 5A | 70 | 21.1 | 7.4-26.4 | 50-125 |
| Yoqilg'i moyi 5A | 100 | 37.8 | 4.91-13.7 | 42-72 |
| Yoqilg'i moyi 5B | 70 | 21.1 | 26.4- | 125- |
| Yoqilg'i moyi 5B | 100 | 37.8 | 13.6-67.1 | 72-310 |
| Yoqilg'i moyi 6 | 122 | 50 | 97.4-660 | 450-3M |
| Yoqilg'i moyi 6 | 160 | 71.1 | 37.5-172 | 175-780 |
| Gaz moylari | 70 | 21.1 | 13.9 | 73 |
| Gaz moylari | 100 | 37.8 | 7.4 | 50 |
| Benzin a | 60 | 15.6 | 0.88 | |
| Benzin a | 100 | 37.8 | 0.71 | |
| Benzin b | 60 | 15.6 | 0.64 | |
| Benzin b | 100 | 37.8 | ||
| Benzin c | 60 | 15.6 | 0.46 | |
| Benzin c | 100 | 37.8 | 0.40 | |
| Glitserin 100% | 68.6 | 20.3 | 648 | 2950 |
| Glitserin 100% | 100 | 37.8 | 176 | 813 |
| Glitserin 50% suv | 68 | 20 | 5.29 | 43 |
| Glitserin 50% suv | 140 | 60 | 1.85 ta | |
| Glyukoza | 100 | 37.8 | 7.7M-22M | 35M-100M |
| Glyukoza | 150 | 65.6 | 880-2420 | 4M-11M |
| Geptanlar-n | 0 | -17.8 | 0.928 | |
| Geptanlar-n | 100 | 37.8 | 0.511 | |
| Geksan-n | 0 | -17.8 | 0.683 | |
| Geksan-n | 100 | 37.8 | 0.401 | |
| asal | 100 | 37.8 | 73.6 | 349 |
| Murakkab, printerlar | 100 | 37.8 | 550-2200 | 2500-10M |
| Murakkab, printerlar | 130 | 54.4 | 238-660 | 1100-3M |
| Izolyatsiya qiluvchi moy | 70 | 21.1 | 24.1 ta max | 115 ta max |
| Izolyatsiya qiluvchi moy | 100 | 37.8 | 11.75 ta max | 65 ta max |
| kerosin | 68 | 20 | 2.71 | 35 |
| Reaktiv yoqilg'i | -30. | -34.4 | 7.9 | 52 |
| Lard | 100 | 37.8 | 62.1 | 287 |
| Lard | 130 | 54.4 | 34.3 | 160 |
| Cho'chqa yog'i | 100 | 37.8 | 41-47.5 | 190-220 |
| Cho'chqa yog'i | 130 | 54.4 | 23.4-27.1 | 112-128 |
| Zig'ir moyi | 100 | 37.8 | 30.5 | 143 |
| Zig'ir moyi | 130 | 54.4 | 18.94 | 93 |
| Mercury | 70 | 21.1 | 0.118 | |
| Mercury | 100 | 37.8 | 0.11 | |
| Metil asetat | 68 | 20 | 0.44 | |
| Metil asetat | 104 | 40 | 0.32 ta | |
| Metil yodid | 68 | 20 | 0.213 | |
| Metil yodid | 104 | 40 | 0.42 ta | |
| Menhaden yog'i | 100 | 37.8 | 29.8 | 140 |
| Menhaden yog'i | 130 | 54.4 | 18.2 | 90 |
| Sut | 68 | 20 | 1.13 | 31.5 |
| Melas A, birinchi | 100 | 37.8 | 281-5070 | 1300-23500 |
| Melas A, birinchi | 130 | 54.4 | 151-1760 | 700-8160 |
| B, ikkinchi | 100 | 37.8 | 1410-13.2M | 6535-61180 |
| B, ikkinchi | 130 | 54.4 | 660-3.3M | 3058-15294 |
| C, qora tasma | 100 | 37.8 | 2630-55M | 12190-255M |
| C, qora tasma | 130 | 54.4 | 1320-16.5M | 6120-76.5M |
| Naftalin | 176 | 80 | 0.9 | |
| Naftalin | 212 | 100 | 0.78 ta | |
| Neatstool yog'i | 100 | 37.8 | 49.7 | 230 |
| Neatstool yog'i | 130 | 54.4 | 27.5 | 130 |
| Nitrobenzol | 68 | 20 | 1.67 | 31.8 |
| Nonane-n | 0 | -17.8 | 1728 | 32 |
| Nonane-n | 100 | 37.8 | 0.807 | |
| Oktan-n | 0 | -17.8 | 1266 | 31.7 |
| Oktan-n | 100 | 37.8 | 0.645 | |
| Zaytun yog'i | 100 | 37.8 | 43.2 | 200 |
| Zaytun yog'i | 130 | 54.4 | 24.1 | |
| Palma yog'i | 100 | 37.8 | 47.8 | |
| Palma yog'i | 130 | 54.4 | 26.4 | |
| Fıstık yog'i | 100 | 37.8 | 42 | 200 |
| Fıstık yog'i | 130 | 54.4 | 23.4 | |
| Pentan-n | 0 | 17.8 | 0.508 | |
| Pentan-n | 80 | 26.7 | 0.342 | |
| petrolatum | 130 | 54.4 | 20.5 | 100 |
| petrolatum | 160 | 71.1 | 15 | 77 |
| Neft efiri | 60 | 15.6 | 31 (taxminiy) | 1.1 |
| Propion kislotasi | 32 | 0 | 1.52 ta | 31.5 |
| Propion kislotasi | 68 | 20 | 1.13 | |
| Propilen glikol | 70 | 21.1 | 52 | 241 |
| Söndürme yog'i | 100-120 | 20.5-25 | ||
| Raf yog'i | 100 | 37.8 | 54.1 | 250 |
| Raf yog'i | 130 | 54.4 | 31 | 145 |
| Rosin yog'i | 100 | 37.8 | 324.7 | 1500 |
| Rosin yog'i | 130 | 54.4 | 129.9 | 600 |
| Rosin (yog'och) | 100 | 37.8 | 216-11M | 1M-50M |
| Rosin (yog'och) | 200 | 93.3 | 108-4400 | 500-20M |
| Susan urug'i yog'i | 100 | 37.8 | 39.6 | 184 |
| Susan urug'i yog'i | 130 | 54.4 | 23 | 110 |
| Natriy xlorid 5% | 68 | 20 | 1097 | 31.1 |
| Natriy xlorid 25% | 60 | 15.6 | 2.4 | 34 |
| Natriy gidroksidi (kaustik soda) 20% | 65 | 18.3 | 4.0 | 39.4 |
| Natriy gidroksidi (kaustik soda) 30% | 65 | 18.3 | 10.0 | 58.1 |
| Natriy gidroksidi (kaustik soda) 40% | 65 | 18.3 | ||
| Soya loviya yog'i | 100 | 37.8 | 35.4 | 165 |
| Soya loviya yog'i | 130 | 5.4 | 19.64 | 96 |
| Sperma yog'i | 100 | 37.5 | 21-23 | 110 |
| Sperma yog'i | 130 | 54.4 | 15.2 | 78 |
| Sulfat kislota 100% | 68 | 20 | 14.56 | 76 |
| Sulfat kislota 100% | 140 | 60 | 7.2 ta | |
| Sulfat kislota 95% | 68 | 20 | 14.5 | 75 |
| Sulfat kislota 60% | 68 | 20 | 4.4 | 41 |
| Sulfat kislota 20% | 3M-8M | |||
| Sulfat kislota 20% | 650-1400 | |||
| Tar, koks pechi | 70 | 21.1 | 600-1760 | 15M-300M |
| Tar, koks pechi | 100 | 37.8 | 141-308 | 2M-20M |
| Tar, gaz uyi | 70 | 21.1 | 3300-66M | 2500 |
| Tar, gaz uyi | 100 | 37.8 | 440-4400 | 500 |
| Tar, qarag'ay | 100 | 37.8 | 559 | 200-300 |
| Tar, qarag'ay | 132 | 55.6 | 108.2 | 55-60 |
| Toluol | 68 | 20 | 0.68 | 185.7 |
| Toluol | 140 | 60 | 0.38 ta | |
| Trietilen glikol | 70 | 21.1 | 40 | 400-440 |
| Trietilen glikol | 185-205 | |||
| Turpentin | 100 | 37.8 | 86.5-95.2 | 1425 |
| Turpentin | 130 | 54.4 | 39.9-44.3 | 650 |
| Lak, shpat | 68 | 20 | 313 | |
| Lak, shpat | 100 | 37.8 | 143 | |
| Distillangan suv | 68 | 20 | 10038 | 31 |
| Suv, yangi | 60 | 15.6 | 1.13 | 31.5 |
| Suv, yangi | 130 | 54.4 | 0.55 | |
| Suv, dengiz | 1.15 | 31.5 | ||
| Kit yog'i | 100 | 37.8 | 35-39.6 | 163-184 |
| Kit yog'i | 130 | 54.4 | 19.9-23.4 | 97-112 |
| Ksilen-o | 68 | 20 | 0.93 | |
| Ksilen-o | 104 | 40 | 0.623 ta |
