Mnato wa maji ni kipimo chake upinzani wa mtiririko.
Ni mali ya maji ambayo huamua kiasi cha nguvu kinachohitajika kuisogeza. Ya juu ya mnato, nguvu zaidi inahitajika ili kusonga maji.
Mnato wa maji huathiriwa na joto lake. Maji ya joto zaidi, chini ya mnato wake. Maji baridi zaidi, mnato wake juu zaidi.
Mnato wa maji pia huathiriwa na shinikizo lake. Kadiri shinikizo linavyoongezeka, ndivyo mnato wa maji unavyoongezeka.
Mnato wa maji unaweza kupimwa na viscometer. Viscometer ni kifaa kinachopima upinzani wa maji kutiririka. Mnato wa maji ni mali muhimu katika matumizi mengi. Kwa mfano, mnato wa maji unaweza kutumika kuamua kiasi cha nguvu kinachohitajika ili kuisogeza kupitia bomba.
Mnato katika fizikia ni moja wapo ya sifa za maada ambapo mwendo wa molekuli kuhusiana na molekuli zinazozunguka hukutana, kwa sababu ya nguvu za intermolecular, nguvu sugu: katika vitu vikali ni ya juu zaidi, lakini ya chini zaidi katika vimiminika na gesi. Ikiwa tutazamisha mwili wa kigeni katika umajimaji unaozingatiwa, utakumbana na upinzani ambao nguvu zake hutofautiana kulingana na kiwango cha mnato wa giligili.
Molasi, kwa mfano, ina mnato wa juu kuliko maji kwa sababu ni sugu zaidi kutiririka.
Kuna njia nyingi ambazo mtu anaweza kutumia kupima mnato wa umajimaji, rahisi zaidi na iliyonyooka zaidi ni kudondosha tufe la kipenyo fulani kwenye chombo chenye uwazi chenye umajimaji ambao mtu anajaribu kubainisha mnato.
ATTENTION: ulinganifu wa mnato unaitwa fluidity, kipimo cha ulaini.
Mnato ni jambo muhimu katika kuamua nguvu ambazo lazima zishinde wakati kioevu kinatumika kwa lubrication na kusafirishwa kwenye bomba. Kwa hiyo itakuwa muhimu kwa sisi chinistand ni aina gani ya kioevu Besa® vali itafanya kazi nayo, kwani msuguano kati ya kuta za bomba na umajimaji unaopita ndani yake huathiri utendaji wa kutokwa kwa vali.
Inadhibiti mtiririko wa maji ndani processkama vile kunyunyizia dawa, ukingo wa sindano na upakaji wa uso.
Mnato wa nguvu
Hebu tuchunguze ndege mbili, zilizotenganishwa na maji (joto linalodhibitiwa) na sambamba na each nyingine, moja iliyosimama na nyingine inakabiliwa na nguvu inayoisukuma/kuivuta sambamba na ndege nyingine.
Kulingana na umajimaji tunaotumia kutenganisha ndege hizo mbili, na kila mara tukitumia nguvu ileile kusogeza mojawapo ya ndege hizo mbili, tutagundua kwamba kasi ya ndege inatofautiana kulingana na umajimaji tuliochagua.
Kwa jumla tunayo:
A (m^2)= eneo la ndege sambamba
y (m)= umbali kati ya ndege hizo mbili
F (N)= nguvu inayotumika kwa ndege inayosonga
u (m/s^2)= kasi ya ndege inayosonga
τ = nguvu ya tangential
Nguvu ya tangential itakuwa kinyume na umbali kati ya ndege mbili na sawia moja kwa moja na kasi.
Kuanzisha neno la kasi kunatatiza mambo, kwa sababu tu kinadharia ni tofauti katika mstari wa kasi.
Vitengo vya kipimo
Katika mfumo wa kimataifa mnato hupimwa ndani pascals (Pa s) ambayo ni sawa na poiseuille (PI), wakati mwingine kwa mafuta ya kulainisha mfumo wa CGS pia hutumiwa, yaani centipoise (cP)
1 Pa s = 1 PI
1 cP = 1 mPI
Mnato wa Kinematic: 1 cSt (centiStokes) = 10-6 m2/s
Kioevu | Halijoto (ºF) | Joto (ºC) | Mnato wa Kinematic CentiStokes (cSt) | Mnato wa Kinematic Sekunde za Saybolt Universal (SSU) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Acetaldehyde CH3CHO | 61 | 16.1 | 0.305 | 36 |
Acetaldehyde CH3CHO | 68 | 20 | 0.295 | |
Asidi ya asetiki - siki - 10% CH3COOH | 59 | 15 | 1.35 | 31.7 |
Asidi ya asetiki - 50% | 59 | 15 | 2.27 | 33 |
Asidi ya asetiki - 80% | 59 | 15 | 2.85 | 35 |
Asidi ya asetiki - glacial iliyojilimbikizia | 59 | 15 | 1.34 | 31.7 |
Asidi asetiki anhidridi (CH3COO)2O | 59 | 15 | 0.88 | |
Acetone CH3COCH3 | 68 | 20 | 0.41 | |
Pombe - allyl | 68 | 20 | 1.60 | 31.8 |
Pombe - allyl | 104 | 40 | 0.90 p | |
Pombe - butyl-n | 68 | 20 | 3.64 | 38 |
Pombe - ethyl (nafaka) C2H5OH | 68 | 20 | 1.52 | 31.7 |
Pombe - ethyl (nafaka) C2H5OH | 100 | 37.8 | 1.2 | 31.5 |
Pombe - methyl (mbao) CH3OH | 59 | 15 | 0.74 | |
Pombe - methyl (mbao) CH3OH | 32 | 0 | 1.04 | |
Pombe - propyl | 68 | 20 | 2.8 | 35 |
Pombe - propyl | 122 | 50 | 1.4 | 31.7 |
Sulfate ya alumini - 36% ya suluhisho | 68 | 20 | 1.41 | 31.7 |
Amonia | 0 | -17.8 | 0.30 | |
aniline | 68 | 20 | 4.37 | 40 |
aniline | 50 | 10 | 6.4 | 46.4 |
Lami RC-0, MC-0, SC-0 | 77 | 25 | 159-324 | 737-1.5M |
Lami RC-0, MC-0, SC-0 | 100 | 37.8 | 60-108 | 280-500 |
Mafuta ya crankcase otomatiki | 0 | -17.8 | 1295-juu | 6M-max |
SAE 10W | ||||
Mafuta ya crankcase otomatiki | 0 | -17.8 | 1295-2590 | 6M-12M |
SAE 10W | ||||
Mafuta ya crankcase otomatiki | 0 | -17.8 | 2590-10350 | 12M-48M |
SAE 20W | ||||
Mafuta ya crankcase otomatiki | 210 | 98.9 | 5.7-9.6 | 45-58 |
SAA 20 | ||||
Mafuta ya crankcase otomatiki | 210 | 98.9 | 9.6-12.9 | 58-70 |
SAA 30 | ||||
Mafuta ya crankcase otomatiki | 210 | 98.9 | 12.9-16.8 | 70-85 |
SAA 40 | ||||
Mafuta ya crankcase otomatiki | 210 | 98.9 | 16.8-22.7 | 85-110 |
SAA 50 | ||||
Mafuta ya gia za magari | 210 | 98.9 | 4.2 min | 40 min |
SAE 75W | ||||
Mafuta ya gia za magari | 210 | 98.9 | 7.0 min | 49 min |
SAE 80W | ||||
Mafuta ya gia za magari | 210 | 98.9 | 11.0 min | 63 min |
SAE 85W | ||||
Mafuta ya gia za magari | 210 | 98.9 | 14-25 | 74-120 |
SAE 90W | ||||
Mafuta ya gia za magari | 210 | 98.9 | 25-43 | 120-200 |
SAA 140 | ||||
Mafuta ya gia za magari | 210 | 98.9 | 43 - dakika | 200 min |
150 | ||||
Bia | 68 | 20 | 1.8 | 32 |
Benzene (Benzol) C6H6 | 32 | 0 | 1.0 | 31 |
Benzene (Benzol) C6H6 | 68 | 20 | 0.74 | |
Mafuta ya mifupa | 130 | 54.4 | 47.5 | 220 |
Mafuta ya mifupa | 212 | 100 | 11.6 | 65 |
Bromini | 68 | 20 | 0.34 | |
Butane-n | -50 | -1.1 | 0.52 | |
Butane-n | 30 | 0.35 | ||
Asidi ya butyric n | 68 | 20 | 1.61 | 31.6 |
Asidi ya butyric n | 32 | 0 | 2.3 p | |
Calcium kloridi 5% | 65 | 18.3 | 1156 | |
Calcium kloridi 25% | 60 | 15.6 | 4.0 | 39 |
Asidi ya kaboni (phenol) | 65 | 18.3 | 11.83 | 65 |
Asidi ya kaboni (phenol) | 194 | 90 | 1.26 p | |
Tetrakloridi ya kaboni CCl4 | 68 | 20 | 0.612 | |
Tetrakloridi ya kaboni CCl4 | 100 | 37.8 | 0.53 | |
Disulfidi ya kaboni CS2 | 32 | 0 | 0.33 | |
Disulfidi ya kaboni CS2 | 68 | 20 | 0.298 | |
Mafuta ya Castor | 100 | 37.8 | 259-325 | 1200-1500 |
Mafuta ya Castor | 130 | 54.4 | 98-130 | 450-600 |
Mafuta ya kuni ya China | 69 | 20.6 | 308.5 | 1425 |
Mafuta ya kuni ya China | 100 | 37.8 | 125.5 | 580 |
Klorofomu | 68 | 20 | 0.38 | |
Klorofomu | 140 | 60 | 0.35 | |
Mafuta ya nazi | 100 | 37.8 | 29.8-31.6 | 140-148 |
Mafuta ya nazi | 130 | 54.4 | 14.7-15.7 | 76-80 |
Mafuta ya Cod (mafuta ya samaki) | 100 | 37.8 | 32.1 | 150 |
Mafuta ya Cod (mafuta ya samaki) | 130 | 54.4 | 19.4 | 95 |
Mafuta ya mahindi | 130 | 54.4 | 28.7 | 135 |
Mafuta ya mahindi | 212 | 100 | 8.6 | 54 |
Suluhisho la wanga wa mahindi | 70 | 21.1 | 32.1 | 150 |
22 Baume | 100 | 37.8 | 27.5 | 130 |
Suluhisho la wanga wa mahindi | 70 | 21.1 | 129.8 | 600 |
24 Baume | 100 | 37.8 | 95.2 | 440 |
Suluhisho la wanga wa mahindi | 70 | 21.1 | 303 | 1400 |
25 Baume | 100 | 37.8 | 173.2 | 800 |
Mafuta ya mbegu ya pamba | 100 | 37.8 | 37.9 | 176 |
Mafuta ya mbegu ya pamba | 130 | 54.4 | 20.6 | 100 |
Mafuta yasiyosafishwa 48º API | 60 | 15.6 | 3.8 | 39 |
Mafuta yasiyosafishwa 48º API | 130 | 54.4 | 1.6 | 31.8 |
Mafuta yasiyosafishwa 40º API | 60 | 15.6 | 9.7 | 55.7 |
Mafuta yasiyosafishwa 40º API | 130 | 54.4 | 3.5 | 38 |
Mafuta yasiyosafishwa 35.6º API | 60 | 15.6 | 17.8 | 88.4 |
Mafuta yasiyosafishwa 35.6º API | 130 | 54.4 | 4.9 | 42.3 |
Mafuta yasiyosafishwa 32.6º API | 60 | 15.6 | 23.2 | 110 |
Mafuta yasiyosafishwa 32.6º API | 130 | 54.4 | 7.1 | 46.8 |
Decane-n | 0 | 17.8 | 2.36 | 34 |
Decane-n | 100 | 37.8 | 1001 | 31 |
Diethyl glycol | 70 | 21.1 | 32 | 149.7 |
Ether ya diethili | 68 | 20 | 0.32 | |
Mafuta ya dizeli 20 | 100 | 37.8 | 44714 | 32.6-45.5 |
Mafuta ya dizeli 20 | 130 | 54.4 | 1.-3.97 | -39 |
Mafuta ya dizeli 30 | 100 | 37.8 | 6-11.75 | 45.5-65 |
Mafuta ya dizeli 30 | 130 | 54.4 | 3.97-6.78 | 39-48 |
Mafuta ya dizeli 40 | 100 | 37.8 | 29.8 max | 140 max |
Mafuta ya dizeli 40 | 130 | 54.4 | 13.1 max | 70 max |
Mafuta ya dizeli 60 | 122 | 50 | 86.6 max | 400 max |
Mafuta ya dizeli 60 | 160 | 71.1 | 35.2 max | 165 max |
Ethyl acetate CH3COOC2H3 | 59 | 15 | 0.4 | |
Ethyl acetate CH3COOC2H3 | 68 | 20 | 0.49 | |
Ethyl bromidi C2H5Br | 68 | 20 | 0.27 | |
Bromidi ya ethylene | 68 | 20 | 0.787 | |
Kloridi ya ethylene | 68 | 20 | 0.668 | |
Ethilini glikoli | 70 | 21.1 | 17.8 | 88.4 |
Asidi ya fomu 10% | 68 | 20 | 1.04 | 31 |
Asidi ya fomu 50% | 68 | 20 | 1.2 | 31.5 |
Asidi ya fomu 80% | 68 | 20 | 1.4 | 31.7 |
Asidi ya fomu imejilimbikizia | 68 | 20 | 1.48 | 31.7 |
Asidi ya fomu imejilimbikizia | 77 | 25 | 1.57cp | |
Freon -11 | 70 | 21.1 | 0.21 | |
Freon -12 | 70 | 21.1 | 0.27 | |
Freon -21 | 70 | 21.1 | 1.45 | |
furaldehyde | 68 | 20 | 1.45 | 31.7 |
furaldehyde | 77 | 25 | 1.49cp | |
Mafuta ya mafuta 1 | 70 | 21.1 | 2.39-4.28 | 34-40 |
Mafuta ya mafuta 1 | 100 | 37.8 | -2.69 | 32-35 |
Mafuta ya mafuta 2 | 70 | 21.1 | 3.0-7.4 | 36-50 |
Mafuta ya mafuta 2 | 100 | 37.8 | 2.11-4.28 | 33-40 |
Mafuta ya mafuta 3 | 70 | 21.1 | 2.69-5.84 | 35-45 |
Mafuta ya mafuta 3 | 100 | 37.8 | 2.06-3.97 | 32.8-39 |
Mafuta ya mafuta 5A | 70 | 21.1 | 7.4-26.4 | 50-125 |
Mafuta ya mafuta 5A | 100 | 37.8 | 4.91-13.7 | 42-72 |
Mafuta ya mafuta 5B | 70 | 21.1 | 26.4- | 125- |
Mafuta ya mafuta 5B | 100 | 37.8 | 13.6-67.1 | 72-310 |
Mafuta ya mafuta 6 | 122 | 50 | 97.4-660 | 450-3M |
Mafuta ya mafuta 6 | 160 | 71.1 | 37.5-172 | 175-780 |
Mafuta ya gesi | 70 | 21.1 | 13.9 | 73 |
Mafuta ya gesi | 100 | 37.8 | 7.4 | 50 |
Petroli a | 60 | 15.6 | 0.88 | |
Petroli a | 100 | 37.8 | 0.71 | |
Petroli b | 60 | 15.6 | 0.64 | |
Petroli b | 100 | 37.8 | ||
Petroli c | 60 | 15.6 | 0.46 | |
Petroli c | 100 | 37.8 | 0.40 | |
Glycerin 100% | 68.6 | 20.3 | 648 | 2950 |
Glycerin 100% | 100 | 37.8 | 176 | 813 |
Glycerin 50% ya maji | 68 | 20 | 5.29 | 43 |
Glycerin 50% ya maji | 140 | 60 | 1.85 p | |
Glucose | 100 | 37.8 | 7.7M-22M | 35M-100M |
Glucose | 150 | 65.6 | 880-2420 | 4M-11M |
Heptanes-n | 0 | -17.8 | 0.928 | |
Heptanes-n | 100 | 37.8 | 0.511 | |
Hexane-n | 0 | -17.8 | 0.683 | |
Hexane-n | 100 | 37.8 | 0.401 | |
Asali | 100 | 37.8 | 73.6 | 349 |
Wino, vichapishaji | 100 | 37.8 | 550-2200 | 2500-10M |
Wino, vichapishaji | 130 | 54.4 | 238-660 | 1100-3M |
Mafuta ya kuhami joto | 70 | 21.1 | 24.1 max | 115 max |
Mafuta ya kuhami joto | 100 | 37.8 | 11.75 max | 65 max |
mafuta ya taa | 68 | 20 | 2.71 | 35 |
Jet Mafuta | -30. | -34.4 | 7.9 | 52 |
Lard | 100 | 37.8 | 62.1 | 287 |
Lard | 130 | 54.4 | 34.3 | 160 |
Mafuta ya nguruwe | 100 | 37.8 | 41-47.5 | 190-220 |
Mafuta ya nguruwe | 130 | 54.4 | 23.4-27.1 | 112-128 |
Mafuta yaliyopigwa mafuta | 100 | 37.8 | 30.5 | 143 |
Mafuta yaliyopigwa mafuta | 130 | 54.4 | 18.94 | 93 |
Mercury | 70 | 21.1 | 0.118 | |
Mercury | 100 | 37.8 | 0.11 | |
Acetate ya methyl | 68 | 20 | 0.44 | |
Acetate ya methyl | 104 | 40 | 0.32 p | |
Iodidi ya methyl | 68 | 20 | 0.213 | |
Iodidi ya methyl | 104 | 40 | 0.42 p | |
Mafuta ya Menhaden | 100 | 37.8 | 29.8 | 140 |
Mafuta ya Menhaden | 130 | 54.4 | 18.2 | 90 |
Maziwa | 68 | 20 | 1.13 | 31.5 |
Molasses A, kwanza | 100 | 37.8 | 281-5070 | 1300-23500 |
Molasses A, kwanza | 130 | 54.4 | 151-1760 | 700-8160 |
B, pili | 100 | 37.8 | 1410-13.2M | 6535-61180 |
B, pili | 130 | 54.4 | 660-3.3M | 3058-15294 |
C, kamba nyeusi | 100 | 37.8 | 2630-55M | 12190-255M |
C, kamba nyeusi | 130 | 54.4 | 1320-16.5M | 6120-76.5M |
Nafthalene | 176 | 80 | 0.9 | |
Nafthalene | 212 | 100 | 0.78 p | |
Mafuta ya Neatstool | 100 | 37.8 | 49.7 | 230 |
Mafuta ya Neatstool | 130 | 54.4 | 27.5 | 130 |
Nitrobenzene | 68 | 20 | 1.67 | 31.8 |
Nonane-n | 0 | -17.8 | 1728 | 32 |
Nonane-n | 100 | 37.8 | 0.807 | |
Octane-n | 0 | -17.8 | 1266 | 31.7 |
Octane-n | 100 | 37.8 | 0.645 | |
Mafuta | 100 | 37.8 | 43.2 | 200 |
Mafuta | 130 | 54.4 | 24.1 | |
Mafuta ya mitende | 100 | 37.8 | 47.8 | |
Mafuta ya mitende | 130 | 54.4 | 26.4 | |
mafuta ya karanga | 100 | 37.8 | 42 | 200 |
mafuta ya karanga | 130 | 54.4 | 23.4 | |
Pentane-n | 0 | 17.8 | 0.508 | |
Pentane-n | 80 | 26.7 | 0.342 | |
petroli | 130 | 54.4 | 20.5 | 100 |
petroli | 160 | 71.1 | 15 | 77 |
Etha ya petroli | 60 | 15.6 | 31 (st) | 1.1 |
Asidi ya Propionic | 32 | 0 | 1.52 p | 31.5 |
Asidi ya Propionic | 68 | 20 | 1.13 | |
Propylene glycol | 70 | 21.1 | 52 | 241 |
Mafuta ya kuzima | 100-120 | 20.5-25 | ||
Mafuta yaliyopikwa | 100 | 37.8 | 54.1 | 250 |
Mafuta yaliyopikwa | 130 | 54.4 | 31 | 145 |
Mafuta ya rosini | 100 | 37.8 | 324.7 | 1500 |
Mafuta ya rosini | 130 | 54.4 | 129.9 | 600 |
Rosin (mbao) | 100 | 37.8 | 216-11M | 1M-50M |
Rosin (mbao) | 200 | 93.3 | 108-4400 | 500-20M |
Mafuta ya mbegu ya Sesame | 100 | 37.8 | 39.6 | 184 |
Mafuta ya mbegu ya Sesame | 130 | 54.4 | 23 | 110 |
Kloridi ya sodiamu 5% | 68 | 20 | 1097 | 31.1 |
Kloridi ya sodiamu 25% | 60 | 15.6 | 2.4 | 34 |
Sodiamu hidroksidi (caustic soda) 20% | 65 | 18.3 | 4.0 | 39.4 |
Sodiamu hidroksidi (caustic soda) 30% | 65 | 18.3 | 10.0 | 58.1 |
Sodiamu hidroksidi (caustic soda) 40% | 65 | 18.3 | ||
Mafuta ya maharagwe ya soya | 100 | 37.8 | 35.4 | 165 |
Mafuta ya maharagwe ya soya | 130 | 5.4 | 19.64 | 96 |
Mafuta ya manii | 100 | 37.5 | 21-23 | 110 |
Mafuta ya manii | 130 | 54.4 | 15.2 | 78 |
Asidi ya sulfuriki 100% | 68 | 20 | 14.56 | 76 |
Asidi ya sulfuriki 100% | 140 | 60 | 7.2 p | |
Asidi ya sulfuriki 95% | 68 | 20 | 14.5 | 75 |
Asidi ya sulfuriki 60% | 68 | 20 | 4.4 | 41 |
Asidi ya sulfuriki 20% | 3M-8M | |||
Asidi ya sulfuriki 20% | 650-1400 | |||
Tar, tanuri ya coke | 70 | 21.1 | 600-1760 | 15M-300M |
Tar, tanuri ya coke | 100 | 37.8 | 141-308 | 2M-20M |
Lami, nyumba ya gesi | 70 | 21.1 | 3300-66M | 2500 |
Lami, nyumba ya gesi | 100 | 37.8 | 440-4400 | 500 |
Lami, pine | 100 | 37.8 | 559 | 200-300 |
Lami, pine | 132 | 55.6 | 108.2 | 55-60 |
Toluene | 68 | 20 | 0.68 | 185.7 |
Toluene | 140 | 60 | 0.38 p | |
Triethilini glikoli | 70 | 21.1 | 40 | 400-440 |
Triethilini glikoli | 185-205 | |||
Turpentine | 100 | 37.8 | 86.5-95.2 | 1425 |
Turpentine | 130 | 54.4 | 39.9-44.3 | 650 |
Varnish, spar | 68 | 20 | 313 | |
Varnish, spar | 100 | 37.8 | 143 | |
Maji, distilled | 68 | 20 | 10038 | 31 |
Maji, safi | 60 | 15.6 | 1.13 | 31.5 |
Maji, safi | 130 | 54.4 | 0.55 | |
Maji, bahari | 1.15 | 31.5 | ||
Mafuta ya nyangumi | 100 | 37.8 | 35-39.6 | 163-184 |
Mafuta ya nyangumi | 130 | 54.4 | 19.9-23.4 | 97-112 |
Xylene-o | 68 | 20 | 0.93 | |
Xylene-o | 104 | 40 | 0.623 p |