valvụ nchekwa nrụgide (acronym PSV) bụ ngwaọrụ akpaka nwere ntinye na ntinye, n'ozuzu ya dabere na ya. each ọzọ (na 90 °), ike na-ebelata nrụgide n'ime usoro.
Onyonyo dị n'aka ekpe na-anọchite anya eserese stylized nke valvụ nchekwa, nke ejiri dị ka akara na eserese injinia nke sistemu-thermo-hydraulic.
valvụ nchekwa bụ ngwaọrụ enyemaka mberede maka mmiri mmiri na-arụ ọrụ, nke rụọ ọrụ na-akpaghị aka mgbe nrụgide setịpụrụ gafere. A na-achịkwa valvụ ndị a site na mba na mba dị iche iche standARDS. A ghaghị ịha valvụ anyị, nwalee, tinye ya na nọgidere na-enwe n'ikwekọ n'ụkpụrụ dị ugbu a yana dịka edepụtara ya na akwụkwọ ntuziaka anyị.
Besa® nchekwa valves bụ nsonaazụ nke ahụmịhe dị ukwuu, ebe ọ bụ na 1946 ruo taa, n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke itinye akwụkwọ ma mejuo ihe niile achọrọ. ihe nchebe ngwaọrụ nrụgide ọhụrụ. Ha nwere ike nke ọma ịgafe oke nrụgide nrụgide ekwenyere, ọbụlagodi na ngwaọrụ nchekwa ndị ọzọ arụnyere n'elu ada ada.
E gosipụtara isi ihe dị na valvụ nchekwa na foto a:
Mara na ngwa na ojiji nke lever diski
Ihe ndọba diski ebuli bụ ngwa nke enwere ike ịkwado valvụ nchekwaped ya, nke na-enye ohere ibuli akụkụ akụkụ nke diski ahụ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, ebumnuche nke mmegharị a bụ ime ka - n'oge ọrụ valve - mgbapụ nke process mmiri iji hichaa ebe dị n'etiti oche na diski, na-enyocha maka "ịrapara" ọ bụla nwere ike. Ntugharị nke iji aka na-ebuli ihe mkpuchi ahụ, a ghaghị ime ya na valvụ ahụ nke ọma arụnyere na usoro na-arụ ọrụ na n'ihu ọnụ ahịa nrụgide ụfọdụ, iji nwee ike irite uru nrụgide nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ. process mmiri mmiri iji belata mbọ onye ọrụ aka.
1
Ahụ valve
2
nozulu
3
diski
4
Guide
5
mmiri
6
Nrụgide na-edozi kposara
7
Nwepu
Akụkọ banyere valvụ nchekwa
Ọtụtụ afọ gara aga, n'okporo ámá ndị dị n'Eshia oge ochie, a na-eji ite ndị e mechiri emechi emechiri emechi, bụ́ ndị a na-etinye ọka osikapa n'ime ya na mmiri, na-emepụta osikapa. Site n'ịtụgharị ite n'elu ọkụ, nrụgide dị n'ime ya na-abawanye n'ihi ikuku nke ọnyà ahụped mmiri. Ozugbo esichara osikapa, a na-ekechi ite ahụped na akpa na meghere, na-eme ka mgbawa na-achịkwa. Nke a bụ usoro dị oke egwu, n'ihi na na-enweghị valvụ nchekwa, enwere ihe ize ndụ nke ihe niile na-agbawa n'amaghị ama. Ejiri igwe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma nwere ike ịmịpụta osikapa na-afụ ụfụ na-edokarị usoro a mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị.
Akpa nchekwa valves bụ developed na narị afọ nke 17 si ihe omuma nke onye France chepụtara Denis Papin.
Laa azụ n'ụbọchị ndị ahụ, valvụ nchekwa ejiri eriri na a counterbalance arọ (nke ka dị taa) ọ bụ ezie na, n'oge a, ndị ojiji nke mmiri kama ibu ibu aghọwo ewu ewu ma rụọ ọrụ nke ọma.
Gịnị bụ valvụ nchekwa maka?
Ebumnuche valvụ nchekwa bụ isi bụ ichekwa ndụ ndị mmadụ site na igbochi sistemu ọ bụla, na-arụ ọrụ na nrụgide enyere, ka ọ ghara ịgbawa.
Nke a bụ ya mere ọ dị mkpa iji kwe nkwa na valvụ nchekwa na-arụ ọrụ mgbe niile, ebe ọ bụ na ha bụ ngwaọrụ ikpeazụ na ogologo usoro nke nwere ike igbochi mgbawa.
Foto ndị a na-egosi nsonaazụ jọgburu onwe ya nke valvụ nchekwa nha ezighi ezi, arụnyere ma ọ bụ na-echekwa ya mgbe niile:
ọrụ valvụ nchekwa
Ebee ka eji valvụ nchekwa?
Ebe ọ bụla ihe egwu kachasị arụ ọrụ ka a ga-agafe, a ghaghị itinye valvụ nchekwa. Usoro nwere ike ịbanye oke nrụgide maka ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya.
Isi ihe kpatara ya metụtara a mmụba okpomọkụ na-achịkwaghị achịkwa, na-akpata expansina nke mmiri ahụ site na mmụba nrụgide, dị ka ọkụ na usoro ma ọ bụ mmebi nke usoro jụrụ oyi.
Ihe ọzọ kpatara, nke valvụ nchekwa na-abanye, bụ a okpu nke ikuku abịakọrọ ma ọ bụ ọkụ ọkụ, na-egbochi ọgụgụ ziri ezi nke ihe mmetụta na ngwá ọrụ njikwa.
Ihe dị egwu bụkwa oge mbụ mgbe ịmalite usoro maka oge mbụ, ma ọ bụ mgbe ọ kwụsịrịped ogologo oge.
Kedu ka valvụ nchekwa si arụ ọrụ?
- Nrụgide nke mmiri na-etinye n'ime valvụ ahụ na-arụ ọrụ n'elu diski ahụ, na-emepụta ike F.
- Mgbe F reaches otu ike dị ka ike mmiri (mmiri na-agbanye n'ime valvụ ma gbanwee ya na mbụ site na mkpakọ ka ọ bụrụ uru a kara aka), nkwụnye ahụ na-amalite ibuli na mpaghara akara nke oche na process mmiri mmiri na-amalite ịgbapụta (nke a abụghị, Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke valvụ).
- N'oge a, na-emekarị, nrụgide elu na-aga n'ihu na-abawanye, na-eme ka, na-abawanye ihe dịka 10% (a na-akpọ overpressure) ma e jiri ya tụnyere nrụgide setịpụrụ, na mberede na-ebuli diski valvụ zuru oke, nke na-ahapụ ya. process ọkara site na valvụ kacha nta cross-ngalaba.
- Mgbe ike nke valvụ nchekwa dị nhata nha nha nke a ga-ahapụ, nrụgide n'ime akụrụngwa echedoro na-anọgide na-adịgide adịgide. Ma ọ bụghị ya, ọ bụrụ na ikike nke valvụ nchekwa dị elu karịa ọnụọgụ nke a ga-ahapụ, nrụgide dị n'ime akụrụngwa na-ebelata. N'okwu a, diski ahụ, nke ike mmiri na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ, na-amalite ibelata ibuli ya (ya bụ ebe dị anya n'etiti oche na diski) ruo mgbe akụkụ nke valvụ ahụ mechiri (n'ozuzu mbelata - nke a na-akpọ ịfụ - hà nhata. 10% na-erughị nrụgide setịpụrụ) na process mmiri mmiri na-akwụsị ịpụ apụ.
Kedu ụdị valvụ nchekwa dị?
N’okwu nke ngwaọrụ enyemaka nrụgide (acronym PRD), enwere ike ime ọdịiche dị n'etiti ngwaọrụ ndị ahụ nso ọzọ na ndị ahụ emechikwala ọzọ mgbe ọrụ ha gasịrị. N'ime otu nke mbụ, anyị nwere diski mgbawa na ngwaọrụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ ntụtụ. N'ụzọ dị iche, a na-ekewa ìgwè nke abụọ n'ime na-ebu ozugbo na ngwaọrụ a na-achịkwa. valvụ nchekwa bụ akụkụ nke ngwaọrụ ndị na-emechi ọzọ ka arụchara ọrụ ha site na otu isi iyi ma ọ bụ karịa.
Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, enwere ike ịmekwu ihe dị iche iche dịka ọrụ nke valves si dị. Dị ka anyị nwere ike ịhụ site na eserese ahụ, e nwere ebuli zuru oke nchekwa valves na otosịrị valvụ nchekwa, nke a na-akpọkwa enyemaka valves.
valvụ nchekwa nchekwa valvụ nchekwa nchekwa valvụ nchekwa nchekwa
valvụ nchekwa nchekwa valvụ nchekwa nchekwa valvụ nchekwa nchekwa
valvụ nchekwa vs valve enyemaka
Kedu ihe dị iche n'etiti valves nchekwa na valve enyemaka?
Ogwe nchekwa nchekwa (acronym PSV) na ihe mkpuchi nchedo (acronym PRV) na-enwekarị mgbagwoju anya n'ihi na ha nwere nhazi na arụmọrụ yiri ya. N'ezie, valvụ abụọ ahụ na-agbapụta mmiri na-akpaghị aka mgbe nrụgide karịrị uru setịpụrụ. A na-elegharakarị esemokwu ha anya, dị ka ọ dị kennyeghari na ụfọdụ usoro mmepụta. Isi ihe dị iche abụghị na ebumnuche ha, mana n'ụdị ọrụ. N'okpurustand ọdịiche dị n'etiti abụọ ahụ, anyị kwesịrị ịbanye na nkọwa ndị ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers) nyere Boiler & Pressure Vessel ma ọ bụ BPVC .
The nchekwa valvụ bụ ngwaọrụ na-achịkwa nrụgide na-akpaghị aka na-arụ ọrụ site na nrụgide static nke mmiri na-agbago nke valvụ ahụ, nke a na-eji maka gas ma ọ bụ ngwa uzuoku, na "ebuli zuru oke" edinam.
The valve enyemaka (nke a makwaara dị ka 'valvụ na-asọfe') bụ ngwaọrụ enyemaka nrụgide na-akpaghị aka na-arụ ọrụ site na nrụgide static n'elu valvụ ahụ. Ọ na-emepe nke ọma mgbe nrụgide karịrị ike mmeghe, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ngwa mmiri.
Ogo karịrị nke ukwuu
Ngwa maka valvụ nchekwa
valvụ nchekwa nwere nguzozi / nchedo
Bellows na valvụ nchekwa nwere ọrụ ndị a:
1) na-edozi ụda: na-ekwe nkwa ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị nke valvụ nchekwa, na-akagbu ma ọ bụ na-amachi mmetụta nke nkwụghachi azụ, nke enwere ike itinye ma ọ bụ wulite, na uru dị n'ime oke valvụ akọwapụtara.
2) mkpuchi mkpuchi: na-echebe spindle, spindle ndu na niile nchekwa valvụ nke elu akụkụ (gụnyere mmiri) site na kọntaktị na process mmiri mmiri, na-eme ka akụkụ niile na-akpụ akpụ guzosie ike ma na-enyere aka izere mmebi n'ihi cristallization ma ọ bụ polymerisation, corrosion ma ọ bụ abrasion nke ihe dị n'ime, nke nwere ike imebi ọrụ valvụ nchekwa.
Ngwa valvụ nchekwaped na pneumatic actuator
Onye na-arụ ọrụ pneumatic na-enye ohere ibuli diski zuru oke, njikwa anya na n'adabereghị na nrụgide ọrụ nke process mmiri mmiri.
Ngwa valvụ nchekwaped na ngwaọrụ igbochi diski
Besa nwere ike ịkwado valvụ nchekwa ya na "gag ule", nke nwere skru abụọ, otu uhie na otu akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ. Ihe nkedo na-acha uhie uhie, ịdị ogologo karịa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, na-egbochi ịkwalite diski ahụ, na-egbochi valvụ ahụ imeghe.
Ngwa valvụ nchekwaped na ngwa valvụ pneumaticped na ihe ngosi ebuli
Ọrụ egosi ebuli bụ ịchọpụta mbuli diski, ntụgharị oghere valvụ.
Ngwa valvụ nchekwaped na vibrations stabilizer
Ihe nkwụsi ike nke ịma jijiji na-ebelata ka ọ dịkarịa ala oscillation na ịma jijiji nke nwere ike ime n'oge a na-eweghachi ahụ, na-eme ka valvụ ahụ rụọ ọrụ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị.
valvụ nchekwa na-agbanwe agbanwe
Iji nweta akara dị mma n'etiti diski na oche oche, ọ ga-ekwe omume ịkwado valvụ ahụ na mkpuchi na-agbanwe agbanwe. A na-eme ngwọta a mgbe nyocha ngalaba nka na-atụle ma na-atụle ọnọdụ mmega ahụ: nrụgide, okpomọkụ, ọdịdị na ọnọdụ anụ ahụ process ọkara.
A na-enweta akara resilient site na ihe ndị a: viton ®, NBR, neoprene ®, Kalrez ®, Kaflon ™, EPDM, PTFE, PEEK™
valvụ nchekwa na jaket kpo oku
N'ihe gbasara mgbasa ozi viscous nke ukwuu, nke nnyapade ma ọ bụ nke nwere ike ịchagharị, enwere ike ịnye valvụ nchekwa na jaket kpo oku, nke bụ igwe anaghị agba nchara welded na valvụ ahụ, jupụtara na mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ (steam, mmiri ọkụ, wdg) iji nweta ya. ekwe nkwa na process mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi site na valvụ.
Ebe a na-emechi ihe nke ọma
Iji nweta corrosion ka mma na iyi iguzogide diski na ebe mkpuchi oche, na arịrịọ ma ọ bụ mgbe Tech gasịrị. Dept. analysis, nchekwa valves na-enye diski na oche nwere stellited sealing elu. A na-atụ aro ngwọta a ma ọ bụrụ na nrụgide dị elu na ụkpụrụ okpomọkụ, mgbasa ozi abrasive, mgbasa ozi nwere akụkụ siri ike, cavitation.
Ngwa jikọtara ọnụ nke valvụ nchekwa na diski mgbawa
Besa® nchekwa valves adabara maka echichi na Nchikota diski mgbawa ahaziri ma ọ bụ elu ma ọ bụ mgbada nke valvụ ahụ. A ga-ekwerịrị nkwa diski mgbawa nke eji na ngwa ndị dị otú ahụ na-agaghị agbaji, site na echiche nhazi. Maka mgbanwe nke mmiri, n'aka nke ọzọ, diski mgbawa ọ bụla nke dị n'elu valvụ ahụ ga-etinyerịrị n'ụzọ na:
- Dayameta diski mgbawa nke na-eru eru buru ibu karịa ma ọ bụ haha na dayameta ntinye valvụ nchekwa aha
- Mkpokọta nrụgide nrụgide (gbakọrọ site na ikike ntinye aha ọnụ na-amụba site na 1.15) site na ntinye tank echedoro na flange inlet flange bụ ihe na-erughị 3% nke nrụgide dị irè nke valve nchekwa. Oghere dị n'etiti diski mgbawa na valvụ ahụ ga-emerịrị ka ọ bụrụ ọkpọkọ 1/4" n'ime dị otú ahụ iji hụ na a na-echekwa nrụgide ikuku nke ọma na n'enweghị nsogbu. Maka nha nke diski ziri ezi n'ihe gbasara ike mmiri, ihe Fd (EN ISO 4126-3 Peeji 12. 13) ga-eburu n'uche, enwere ike were ya dị ka 0. 9.
Enwere ike ịkwado itinye diski mgbawa n'elu valvụ nchekwa maka ọnọdụ ndị a:
- mgbe ị na-arụ ọrụ na mgbasa ozi ike ike, ikewapụ akụkụ ntinye nke valvụ ahụ site na kọntaktị na-aga n'ihu process mmiri mmiri, na-ezere iji ihe dị oké ọnụ ahịa;
- mgbe a na-enye akara ọla, ka ịzenarị ntapu mmiri na mberede n'etiti oche / diski elu.
Asambodo na nkwado
Besa® nchekwa valves na-emebere, arụpụtara na họrọ dị ka Ntuziaka European 2014/68/EU (Ọhụrụ PED), 2014/34 / EU (ATEX) na API 520 526 na 527. BesaA na-akwadokwa ngwaahịa ® RINA® (Besa bụ a ghọtara dị ka emeputa) na DNV GL®.
N'arịrịọ Besa na-enye aka zuru oke maka ndị arụmọrụ nke ule site na isi ozu.
N'ebe a n'okpuru ebe a ị nwere ike ịchọta isi asambodo anyị nwetara maka valvụ nchekwa.
Besa nchekwa valves bụ CE PED gbaara
The PED ntuziaka na-enye maka akara akụrụngwa nrụgide yana ihe niile ebe ikike ikike ikike (PS) karịrị 0.5 bar. Ngwa a ga-enwerịrị nha dịka:
- ngalaba eji (nrụgide, okpomọkụ)
- ụdị mmiri a na-eji (mmiri, gas, hydrocarbons, wdg)
- nha nha/nrụgide achọrọ maka ngwa a
Ebumnuche nke ntuziaka 97/23/EC bụ ime ka iwu steeti niile nke European Community kwekọọ maka akụrụngwa nrụgide. Karịsịa, a na-ahazi njirisi maka imewe, nrụpụta, njikwa, nnwale na mpaghara ngwa. Nke a na-enye ohere mgbasa ozi n'efu nke akụrụngwa nrụgide na ngwa.
Ntuziaka ahụ chọrọ nrube isi na ihe nchekwa dị mkpa nke onye nrụpụta ga-agbaso ngwaahịa na mmepụta process. Onye nrụpụta kwesịrị ime atụmatụ ma belata ihe egwu dị na ngwaahịa etinyere n'ahịa ahụ.
Asambodo process
Nzukọ ahụ na-eduzi nyocha na njikwa na-adabere na ọkwa dị iche iche nke nlekota nke usoro ụlọ ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ. Mgbe ahụ, ndị PED nzukọ na-ewepụta asambodo CE maka each ụdị na ihe nlereanya nke ngwaahịa na, ọ bụrụ na ọ dị mkpa, nakwa maka ikpeazụ nkwenye tupu inye ọrụ.
The PED nzukọ wee gaa n'ihu na:
- Nhọrọ nke ụdị maka asambodo/ịkpọ aha
- Nyocha nke faịlụ teknụzụ na akwụkwọ nhazi
- Nkọwa nke nyocha na onye nrụpụta
- Nkwenye nke njikwa ndị a na-arụ ọrụ
- Ahụ ahụ na-enye asambodo CE na akara maka ngwaahịa emepụtara
PED AkwụkwọICIM PED WEBSITE
Besa nchekwa valves bụ CE ATEX gbaara
ATEX - Ngwa maka ikuku nwere ike ịgbawa (94/9/EC).
“Ntuziaka 94/9/EC, nke a maara nke ọma site na mkpịrịokwu ATEX, emejuputa atumatu na Italy site na Onye isi ala Iwu 126 nke 23 Maachị 1998 ma na-emetụta ngwaahịa ezubere maka iji na nwere ike mgbawa ikuku. Na ntinye ike nke ATEX Ntuziaka, na standA kagburu ards na mbụ na-arụ ọrụ na site na 1 Julaị 2003 amachibidoro ịzụ ahịa ngwaahịa na-adabaghị n'usoro ọhụrụ ahụ.
Ntuziaka 94/9/EC bụ ntụzịaka 'ụzọ ọhụrụ' nke chọrọ inye ohere mbugharị ngwa ahịa n'efu n'ime obodo. A na-enweta nke a site n'ijikọta ihe nchekwa iwu chọrọ, na-agbaso usoro dabere n'ihe egwu. Ọ na-achọkwa ikpochapụ ma ọ bụ, opekata mpe, belata ihe egwu na-esite na iji ngwaahịa ụfọdụ na ma ọ bụ metụtara ikuku nwere ike ịgbawa. Nke a
pụtara na a ga-atụle ohere nke ikuku mgbawa na-ebilite ọ bụghị naanị na “otu oge” yana site na echiche kwụ ọtọ, mana ọnọdụ ọrụ niile nwere ike ibilite site na process aghaghi iburu n'uche.
Ntuziaka ahụ na-ekpuchi akụrụngwa, ma ọ bụ naanị ya ma ọ bụ jikọtara ya, ezubere maka ntinye na "mpaghara" nkewapụtara dị ka ihe dị ize ndụ; usoro nchebe na-eje ozi iji kwụsị ma ọ bụ nwee mgbawa; components na akụkụ dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ nke akụrụngwa ma ọ bụ usoro nchebe; na njikwa na nhazi ngwaọrụ nchekwa bara uru ma ọ bụ dị mkpa maka ịrụ ọrụ nchekwa na ntụkwasị obi nke akụrụngwa ma ọ bụ sistemu nchebe.
N'ime akụkụ ọhụrụ nke ntuziaka ahụ, nke na-ekpuchi ihe egwu mgbawa n'ụdị ọ bụla (ọkụ eletrik na nke na-abụghị eletrik), ekwesịrị ime ka ihe ndị a pụta ìhè:
- Iwebata mkpa ahụike na nchekwa dị mkpa.
- Ngwa maka ma Ngwuputa ihe na elu.
- Nkewa nke akụrụngwa n'ime ngalaba dịka ụdị nchedo enyere.
- Nlekọta mmepụta ihe dabere na sistemu ogo ụlọ ọrụ.
Ntuziaka 94/9/EC na-ekewa akụrụngwa ụzọ abụọ bụ isi:
- Otu 1 (Aka M1 na M2): akụrụngwa na sistemu nchebe ezubere maka iji na ogbunigwe
- Otu 2 (ụdị 1,2,3): Ngwa na usoro nchebe ezubere maka iji mee ihe n'elu. (85% nke mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ)
Nhazi nke mpaghara ntinye nke akụrụngwa ga-abụ ọrụ nke onye ọrụ njedebe; Ya mere, dị ka mpaghara ihe ize ndụ nke onye ahịa (dịka mpaghara 21 ma ọ bụ mpaghara 1) onye nrụpụta ga-eweta akụrụngwa kwesịrị ekwesị maka mpaghara ahụ.
ATEX AkwụkwọICIM ATEX WEBSITE
Besa nchekwa valves bụ RINA gbaara
RINA anọwo na-arụ ọrụ dị ka otu asambodo mba ụwa kemgbe 1989, dịka nsonaazụ ya sitere na ntinye akụkọ ihe mere eme ya maka ichekwa nchekwa nke ndụ mmadụ n'oké osimiri, ichekwa ihe onwunwe na ichebe marine gburugburu ebe obibi, maka ọdịmma obodo, dị ka e depụtara na Iwu ya, na ịnyefe ahụmahụ ya, nwetara ihe karịrị otu narị afọ, na mpaghara ndị ọzọ. Dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ asambodo mba ụwa, ọ na-agba mbọ ichekwa ndụ mmadụ, ihe onwunwe na gburugburu ebe obibi, maka ọdịmma obodo, na itinye ahụmịhe narị afọ ya n'ọrụ ndị ọzọ.
RINA AkwụkwọRINA WEBSITE
Eurasian Conformity Akara
The Nkwekọrịta Eurasia akara (EAC, Russian: Евразийское соответствие (ЕАС)) bụ akara asambodo iji gosi ngwaahịa na-agbaso ụkpụrụ teknụzụ niile nke Eurasian Customs Union. Ọ pụtara na EACNgwaahịa -akara akara na-emezu ihe niile achọrọ nke ụkpụrụ teknụzụ dabara adaba ma gafere usoro ntule nnabata niile.
EAC AkwụkwọEAC WEBSITE
Besa nchekwa valvụ isi ngalaba nke ngwa
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-A40IEZlVY
ebe ọ bụ na 1946
Gị na gị nọ n'ọhịa
BESA anọwo na-emepụta valves nchekwa ruo ọtụtụ afọ, maka ọtụtụ nrụnye, na ahụmahụ anyị na-enye nkwa kacha mma. Anyị na-amụ nke ọma each usoro n'oge usoro nkwuputa, yana ihe ọ bụla chọrọ ma ọ bụ arịrịọ pụrụ iche, ruo mgbe anyị chọtara ngwọta kachasị mma na valvụ kachasị mma maka ntinye gị.
1946
Afọ ntọala
6000
mmepụta ikike
999
Ndị ahịa na-arụ ọrụ
