Dankowar ruwa

Dankowar ruwa ma'auninsa ne juriya ga kwarara.

Halin ruwan da ke ƙayyade adadin ƙarfin da ake buƙata don motsa shi. Mafi girman danko, ana buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfi don motsa ruwan.

Yanayin zafinsa yana shafar dankowar ruwa. Da dumin ruwan, rage danko. Mafi yawan ruwan sanyi, mafi girman danko.
Dankowar ruwa shima yana shafar matsinsa. Mafi girman matsa lamba, mafi girman danƙon ruwan.

Ana iya auna dankowar ruwa tare da viscometer. Viscometer na'ura ce da ke auna juriyar ruwa. Dankowar ruwa abu ne mai mahimmanci a aikace-aikace da yawa. Misali, ana iya amfani da dankowar ruwa ƙayyade adadin ƙarfin da ake buƙata don motsa shi ta cikin bututu.

Danko a kimiyyar lissafi daya ne daga cikin kaddarorin kwayoyin halitta wanda motsi na kwayoyin game da kewaye da kwayoyin gamuwa, saboda intermolecular sojojin, wani resistant ƙarfi: a cikin daskararru shi ne mafi girma, amma mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin taya da gas. Idan muka nutsar da wani baƙon jiki a cikin ruwan da ake la'akari, zai gamu da juriya wanda ƙarfinsa ya bambanta dangane da ƙimar ɗankowar ruwan.
Molasses, alal misali, yana da danko mafi girma fiye da ruwa saboda yana da juriya ga gudana.
Akwai hanyoyi da yawa da mutum zai iya amfani da shi wajen auna dankowar ruwa, mafi sauki kuma mafi saukin kai shine jefar da wani yanki na wani diamita a cikin wani akwati bayyananne mai dauke da ruwan da ake kokarin tantance dankonsa.

HANKALI: ana kiran ma'anar danko, ma'auni na santsi.

Danko abu ne mai mahimmanci don ƙayyade ƙarfin da dole ne a shawo kan lokacin da ake amfani da ruwa don lubrication da jigilar kaya a cikin bututu. Saboda haka zai zama mahimmanci a gare mu mu kasastand wane irin ruwa ne Besa® bawul zai yi aiki tare da, yayin da juzu'i tsakanin bangon bututu da ruwan da ke gudana ta cikinsa yana shafar aikin fitarwa na bawul.

Yana sarrafa kwararar ruwa a ciki processes kamar spraying, allura gyare-gyare da kuma surface shafi.

Dynamic danko

Bari mu yi la'akari da jirage biyu, rabu da wani ruwa (ma sarrafa zafin jiki) kuma a layi daya zuwa each sauran, daya tsayayye dayan kuma ya fuskanci wani karfi da ke turawa/jawo shi a layi daya da daya jirgin.
Dangane da ruwan da muke amfani da shi wajen raba jiragen biyu, kuma kullum muna amfani da karfi iri daya wajen motsa daya daga cikin jiragen biyu, za mu ga cewa saurin jirgin ya bambanta dangane da ruwan da muka zaba.

Gabaɗaya muna da:

A (m^2) = yanki na daidaitattun jiragen sama
y (m)= nisa tsakanin jiragen biyu
F (N) = karfin da aka yi amfani da shi a kan jirgin da ke motsi
u (m/s^2)= saurin tafiyar jirgin
τ = tangential karfi

Ƙarfin tangential zai kasance daidai da tazarar da ke tsakanin jiragen biyu kuma kai tsaye daidai da saurin.
Gabatar da lokacin saurin yana rikitar da abubuwa, saboda kawai a ka'ida shine bambancin layin saurin gudu.

Rukunin ma'auni

A tsarin kasa da kasa ana auna danko a ciki pascals (Pa s) wanda yayi daidai da poiseuille (PI), wani lokaci don shafa mai ana amfani da tsarin CGS, watau centipoise (cP)

1 Pas = 1 PI
1 cP = 1 mPI

Dangantakar Kinematic: 1 cSt (centiStokes) = 10^-6 m²/s

Liquid	Zazzabi (ºF)	Zazzabi (ºC)	Kinematic danko CentiStokes (cSt)	Kinematic danko Daƙiƙa Saybolt Universal (SSU)
Acetaldehyde C H3CHO	61	16.1	0.305	36
Acetaldehyde C H3CHO	68	20	0.295
Acetic acid - vinegar - 10% CH3COOH	59	15	1.35	31.7
Acetic acid - 50%	59	15	2.27	33
Acetic acid - 80%	59	15	2.85	35
Acetic acid - maida hankali glacial	59	15	1.34	31.7
Acetic acid anhydride (CH3COO)2O	59	15	0.88
Farashin CH3COCH3	68	20	0.41
Barasa - allyl	68	20	1.60	31.8
Barasa - allyl	104	40	0.90 cp ku
Barasa - butyl-n	68	20	3.64	38
Barasa - ethyl (hatsi) C2H5OH	68	20	1.52	31.7
Barasa - ethyl (hatsi) C2H5OH	100	37.8	1.2	31.5
Barasa - methyl (itace) CH3OH	59	15	0.74
Barasa - methyl (itace) CH3OH	32	0	1.04
Alcohol - propyl	68	20	2.8	35
Alcohol - propyl	122	50	1.4	31.7
Aluminum sulfate - 36% bayani	68	20	1.41	31.7
ammonia	0	-17.8	0.30
aniline	68	20	4.37	40
aniline	50	10	6.4	46.4
Kwalta RC-0, MC-0, SC-0	77	25	159-324	737-1.5M
Kwalta RC-0, MC-0, SC-0	100	37.8	60-108	280-500
Man crankcase ta atomatik	0	-17.8	1295-max	6M-max
SAI 10W
Man crankcase ta atomatik	0	-17.8	1295-2590	6M-12M
SAI 10W
Man crankcase ta atomatik	0	-17.8	2590-10350	12M-48M
SAI 20W
Man crankcase ta atomatik	210	98.9	5.7-9.6	45-58
SAI 20
Man crankcase ta atomatik	210	98.9	9.6-12.9	58-70
SAI 30
Man crankcase ta atomatik	210	98.9	12.9-16.8	70-85
SAI 40
Man crankcase ta atomatik	210	98.9	16.8-22.7	85-110
SAI 50
Mota kaya mai	210	98.9	4.2 min	40 min
SAI 75W
Mota kaya mai	210	98.9	7.0 min	49 min
SAI 80W
Mota kaya mai	210	98.9	11.0 min	63 min
SAI 85W
Mota kaya mai	210	98.9	14-25	74-120
SAI 90W
Mota kaya mai	210	98.9	25-43	120-200
SAI 140
Mota kaya mai	210	98.9	43 - min	200 min
Saukewa: SAE150
Giya	68	20	1.8	32
Benzene (Benzol) C6H6	32	0	1.0	31
Benzene (Benzol) C6H6	68	20	0.74
Man kashi	130	54.4	47.5	220
Man kashi	212	100	11.6	65
Bromine	68	20	0.34
Butane-n	-50	-1.1	0.52
Butane-n	30		0.35
Butyric acid n	68	20	1.61	31.6
Butyric acid n	32	0	2.3 cp ku
Calcium chloride 5%	65	18.3	1156
Calcium chloride 25%	60	15.6	4.0	39
Carbolic acid (phenol)	65	18.3	11.83	65
Carbolic acid (phenol)	194	90	1.26 cp ku
Carbon tetrachloride CCl4	68	20	0.612
Carbon tetrachloride CCl4	100	37.8	0.53
Carbon disulfide CS2	32	0	0.33
Carbon disulfide CS2	68	20	0.298
Man Castor	100	37.8	259-325	1200-1500
Man Castor	130	54.4	98-130	450-600
China itace man	69	20.6	308.5	1425
China itace man	100	37.8	125.5	580
Chloroform	68	20	0.38
Chloroform	140	60	0.35
Man shafawa	100	37.8	29.8-31.6	140-148
Man shafawa	130	54.4	14.7-15.7	76-80
Cod oil (man kifi)	100	37.8	32.1	150
Cod oil (man kifi)	130	54.4	19.4	95
Masarar masara	130	54.4	28.7	135
Masarar masara	212	100	8.6	54
Maganin sitaci na masara	70	21.1	32.1	150
22 Bamu	100	37.8	27.5	130
Maganin sitaci na masara	70	21.1	129.8	600
24 Bamu	100	37.8	95.2	440
Maganin sitaci na masara	70	21.1	303	1400
25 Bamu	100	37.8	173.2	800
Man auduga	100	37.8	37.9	176
Man auduga	130	54.4	20.6	100
Danyen mai 48º API	60	15.6	3.8	39
Danyen mai 48º API	130	54.4	1.6	31.8
Danyen mai 40º API	60	15.6	9.7	55.7
Danyen mai 40º API	130	54.4	3.5	38
Danyen mai 35.6º API	60	15.6	17.8	88.4
Danyen mai 35.6º API	130	54.4	4.9	42.3
Danyen mai 32.6º API	60	15.6	23.2	110
Danyen mai 32.6º API	130	54.4	7.1	46.8
Decane-n	0	17.8	2.36	34
Decane-n	100	37.8	1001	31
Diethyl glycol	70	21.1	32	149.7
Diethyl ether	68	20	0.32
Man dizal 20	100	37.8	44714	32.6-45.5
Man dizal 20	130	54.4	1.-3.97	-39
Man dizal 30	100	37.8	6-11.75	45.5-65
Man dizal 30	130	54.4	3.97-6.78	39-48
Man dizal 40	100	37.8	29.8 max	140 max
Man dizal 40	130	54.4	13.1 max	70 max
Man dizal 60	122	50	86.6 max	400 max
Man dizal 60	160	71.1	35.2 max	165 max
Ethyl acetate CH3COOC2H3	59	15	0.4
Ethyl acetate CH3COOC2H3	68	20	0.49
Ethyl bromide C2H5Br	68	20	0.27
Ethylene bromide	68	20	0.787
Ethylene chloride	68	20	0.668
Gilin glycol	70	21.1	17.8	88.4
Formic acid 10%	68	20	1.04	31
Formic acid 50%	68	20	1.2	31.5
Formic acid 80%	68	20	1.4	31.7
Formic acid maida hankali	68	20	1.48	31.7
Formic acid maida hankali	77	25	1.57cp
Freon - 11	70	21.1	0.21
Freon - 12	70	21.1	0.27
Freon - 21	70	21.1	1.45
furaldehyde	68	20	1.45	31.7
furaldehyde	77	25	1.49cp
Mai 1	70	21.1	2.39-4.28	34-40
Mai 1	100	37.8	-2.69	32-35
Mai 2	70	21.1	3.0-7.4	36-50
Mai 2	100	37.8	2.11-4.28	33-40
Mai 3	70	21.1	2.69-5.84	35-45
Mai 3	100	37.8	2.06-3.97	32.8-39
Mai 5A	70	21.1	7.4-26.4	50-125
Mai 5A	100	37.8	4.91-13.7	42-72
Mai 5B	70	21.1	26.4-	125-
Mai 5B	100	37.8	13.6-67.1	72-310
Mai 6	122	50	97.4-660	450-3M
Mai 6	160	71.1	37.5-172	175-780
Gas mai	70	21.1	13.9	73
Gas mai	100	37.8	7.4	50
fetur a	60	15.6	0.88
fetur a	100	37.8	0.71
fetur b	60	15.6	0.64
fetur b	100	37.8
Man fetur c	60	15.6	0.46
Man fetur c	100	37.8	0.40
Glycerin 100%	68.6	20.3	648	2950
Glycerin 100%	100	37.8	176	813
Glycerin 50% ruwa	68	20	5.29	43
Glycerin 50% ruwa	140	60	1.85 cp ku
Glucose	100	37.8	7.7M-22M	35M-100M
Glucose	150	65.6	880-2420	4M-11M
Heptane-n	0	-17.8	0.928
Heptane-n	100	37.8	0.511
Hexane-n	0	-17.8	0.683
Hexane-n	100	37.8	0.401
Amai	100	37.8	73.6	349
Tawada, firinta	100	37.8	550-2200	2500-10M
Tawada, firinta	130	54.4	238-660	1100-3M
Insulating mai	70	21.1	24.1 max	115 max
Insulating mai	100	37.8	11.75 max	65 max
kananzir	68	20	2.71	35
Jirgin Jet	-30.	-34.4	7.9	52
Lard	100	37.8	62.1	287
Lard	130	54.4	34.3	160
Man alade	100	37.8	41-47.5	190-220
Man alade	130	54.4	23.4-27.1	112-128
Man zaren	100	37.8	30.5	143
Man zaren	130	54.4	18.94	93
Mercury	70	21.1	0.118
Mercury	100	37.8	0.11
Methyl acetate	68	20	0.44
Methyl acetate	104	40	0.32 cp ku
Methyl iodide	68	20	0.213
Methyl iodide	104	40	0.42 cp ku
Manhaden man	100	37.8	29.8	140
Manhaden man	130	54.4	18.2	90
Milk	68	20	1.13	31.5
Molasses A, na farko	100	37.8	281-5070	1300-23500
Molasses A, na farko	130	54.4	151-1760	700-8160
B, na biyu	100	37.8	1410-13.2M	6535-61180
B, na biyu	130	54.4	660-3.3M	3058-15294
C, baƙar fata	100	37.8	2630-55M	12190-255M
C, baƙar fata	130	54.4	1320-16.5M	6120-76.5M
Naphthalene	176	80	0.9
Naphthalene	212	100	0.78 cp ku
Neatstool mai	100	37.8	49.7	230
Neatstool mai	130	54.4	27.5	130
Nitrobenzene	68	20	1.67	31.8
Babu-n	0	-17.8	1728	32
Babu-n	100	37.8	0.807
Octane-n	0	-17.8	1266	31.7
Octane-n	100	37.8	0.645
man zaitun	100	37.8	43.2	200
man zaitun	130	54.4	24.1
Man dabino	100	37.8	47.8
Man dabino	130	54.4	26.4
Man shanu	100	37.8	42	200
Man shanu	130	54.4	23.4
Pentane-n	0	17.8	0.508
Pentane-n	80	26.7	0.342
petrolatum	130	54.4	20.5	100
petrolatum	160	71.1	15	77
Ether mai	60	15.6	31 (est)	1.1
Propionic acid	32	0	1.52 cp ku	31.5
Propionic acid	68	20	1.13
Propylene glycol	70	21.1	52	241
Mai kashewa			100-120	20.5-25
Man mai	100	37.8	54.1	250
Man mai	130	54.4	31	145
Rosin mai	100	37.8	324.7	1500
Rosin mai	130	54.4	129.9	600
Rosin (itace)	100	37.8	216-11M	1M-50M
Rosin (itace)	200	93.3	108-4400	500-20M
Man kwayar Sesame	100	37.8	39.6	184
Man kwayar Sesame	130	54.4	23	110
Sodium chloride 5%	68	20	1097	31.1
Sodium chloride 25%	60	15.6	2.4	34
Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) 20%	65	18.3	4.0	39.4
Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) 30%	65	18.3	10.0	58.1
Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) 40%	65	18.3
Man waken soya	100	37.8	35.4	165
Man waken soya	130	5.4	19.64	96
Man maniyi	100	37.5	21-23	110
Man maniyi	130	54.4	15.2	78
Sulfuric acid 100%	68	20	14.56	76
Sulfuric acid 100%	140	60	7.2 cp ku
Sulfuric acid 95%	68	20	14.5	75
Sulfuric acid 60%	68	20	4.4	41
Sulfuric acid 20%				3M-8M
Sulfuric acid 20%				650-1400
Tar, coke oven	70	21.1	600-1760	15M-300M
Tar, coke oven	100	37.8	141-308	2M-20M
Tar, gidan gas	70	21.1	3300-66M	2500
Tar, gidan gas	100	37.8	440-4400	500
Tar, pine	100	37.8	559	200-300
Tar, pine	132	55.6	108.2	55-60
Toluene	68	20	0.68	185.7
Toluene	140	60	0.38 cp ku
Triethylene glycol	70	21.1	40	400-440
Triethylene glycol				185-205
Turpentine	100	37.8	86.5-95.2	1425
Turpentine	130	54.4	39.9-44.3	650
Varnish, spar	68	20	313
Varnish, spar	100	37.8	143
Ruwa, distilled	68	20	10038	31
Ruwa, sabo	60	15.6	1.13	31.5
Ruwa, sabo	130	54.4	0.55
Ruwa, teku			1.15	31.5
Mai Whale	100	37.8	35-39.6	163-184
Mai Whale	130	54.4	19.9-23.4	97-112
Xylene-o	68	20	0.93
Xylene-o	104	40	0.623 cp ku